A Mathematical Model of Stress Generation and Fracture in Lithium Manganese Oxide

Christensen, Jake; Newman, John

doi:10.1149/1.2185287

Cited by 392 publications

(364 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…While several works have considered the effects of the hydrostatic term, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] very few have actually included the last two terms (σ kk σ ii and σ k j σ k j ) of the chemical potential in their analysis. [13][14][15][16] Most of the works neglect these terms since…”

Section: E DCmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 develop a set of nondimensional parameters related to material properties and geometry to study the overall behavior of the system, including stress generaz E-mail: n.swaminathan@iitm.ac.in tion. A noteworthy shortcoming of the afore mentioned works [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] is that, changes in the material properties of the electrode material as a result of Li intercalation were neglected. Deshpande et al 12 studied the effects of change in Young's modulus of the electrode material on the induced stresses, assuming that diffusion was independent of the elasticity.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Elasticity and Size Effects on the Electrochemical Response of a Graphite, Li-Ion Battery Electrode Particle

Swaminathan

Balakrishnan

George

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The interactions between electrochemical response, elasticity and particle size of a cylindrical, Li-ion battery, graphite electrode particle is studied. First, a potentiostatic study is conducted to demonstrate the role of higher-order stress terms of the chemical potential on the distributions of flux, stresses and concentrations. Then, two cyclic voltammetry experiments are simulated to study the effects of elasticity on the voltammograms. In the first, the electrode is discharged and then charged, while the second, involves the opposite. Effects of elasticity on the anodic (discharging) portion of the voltammograms are more pronounced in the first experiment when compared to the second. The effects of the elasticity also vary with particle size in different ways for the two experiments. In the first, the effects of stresses on the anodic current increases with particle size and then reaches a plateau at around 30 μm. In the second, a maximum effect of elasticity is seen for a particle size of 5 μm. Our study shows that, stresses induced due to diffusion of Li atoms not only affect the mechanical integrity of the electrode particle, but also change the way the particle responds to an applied external potential, thereby affecting its electrochemical response. Interactions of chemistry and mechanics in Li ion battery (LIB) electrodes has gained a lot of interest recently.1-16 Chemical expansions of varying degrees have been observed and quantified in some of the existing electrode materials (graphite) and in prospective electrode materials like Sn, Al and Si.17 The intercalation and de-intercalation of Li ions into and out of the electrode causes local chemical strains in the latter. During the functioning of the LIB, gradients in Li concentration that arise lead to non-uniform strains throughout the electrode particle. When these chemically induced strains are not accommodated by appropriate deformation of the solid, stresses are induced which can result in local failure and degradation in the performance of the electrode and hence the battery. Local changes in Li concentration also alter the mechanical properties of the electrodes. For a recent, detailed review on the effects of stress-diffusion interactions in Li-ion battery materials and the various experimental techniques involved in their quantification please see Ref. 18. The effects of Li diffusion induced stresses (DIS) are well understood and modeled through the framework of thermoelasticity. The changes in concentration are treated in a manner analogous to changes in temperature, and hence chemical strains are introduced into the constitutive equations of elasticity in the form of eigen strains. The elastic equilibrium equations are then solved in order to predict the stresses, displacement and strains. Stresses also affect the thermodynamics of the electrodes. For example, stresses alter the electrochemical potential of Si by 50mV or more.19 Another associated effect is stress induced diffusion (SID), where the elastic stresses developed in the elec...

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Section: E DCmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Elasticity and Size Effects on the Electrochemical Response of a Graphite, Li-Ion Battery Electrode Particle

Swaminathan

Balakrishnan

George

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…These models are divided in two categories: stress splitting 30,31 and strain splitting. [32][33][34] In this paper, a model presented by Cheng and Verbrugge 32 is used.…”

Section: Model Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal Charging Profiles with Minimal Intercalation-Induced Stresses for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Reformulated Pseudo 2-Dimensional Models

Suthar

Northrop

Braatz

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This paper illustrates the application of dynamic optimization in obtaining the optimal current profile for charging a lithium-ion battery by restricting the intercalation-induced stresses to a pre-determined limit estimated using a pseudo 2-dimensional (P2D) model. This paper focuses on the problem of maximizing the charge stored in a given time while restricting capacity fade due to intercalation-induced stresses. Conventional charging profiles for lithium-ion batteries (e.g., constant current followed by constant voltage or CC-CV) are not derived by considering capacity fade mechanisms, which are not only inefficient in terms of life-time usage of the batteries but are also slower by not taking into account the changing dynamics of the system. Lithium-ion chemistries are attractive for many applications due to high cell voltage, high volumetric and gravimetric energy density (100 Wh/kg), high power density (300 W/kg), good temperature range, low memory effect, and relatively long battery life.1-3 Capacity fade, underutilization, and thermal runaway are the main issues that need to be addressed in order to use a lithium-ion battery efficiently and safely over a long life.In order to address the aforementioned issues and increase battery utilization, smarter battery management systems are required which can exploit the dynamics of a battery to derive better operational strategies. Recognizing the potential of reducing the weight and volume of these batteries by 20-25% for vehicular applications, the Department of Energy has recently initiated a $30M program through ARPA-E named Advanced Management and Protection of Energy Storage Devices (AMPED). 4 The use of physically meaningful models in deriving these strategies has received attention. Methekar et al. 5 looked at the problem of energy maximization for a set time with constraints on voltage using Control Vector Parametrization (CVP). Klein et al. 6 considered the minimum-time charging problem while including constraints on temperature rise and side reactions. Rahimian et al. 7 calculated the optimal charging current as a function of cycle number for a lithium-ion battery experiencing capacity fade using a single-particle model (SPM). Hoke et al.9 used a lithium-ion battery life-time model to reduce battery degradation in a variable electricity cost environment using the SPM. Previous efforts included the derivation of optimal charging profiles considering various phenomena that account for capacity fade separately (plating over-potential at the anode, 13 side reaction during charging, 6 thermal degradation, 10 intercalation-induced stress using SPM 11 etc.). Fracture of solid electrode particles due to intercalation induced stresses is one of the dominant capacity fade mechanics which affect the battery capacity in two ways: 12 (1) It leads to loss of solid phase due to isolation from the electronically conducting matrix of electrode. (2) It also increases the surface area, which lead to SEI * Electrochemical Society Student Member.* * Electrochemical Soci...

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“…Some models have been extremely sophisticated, with detailed descriptions of electrochemical kinetics and chemomechanical couplings [99,119].…”

Section: Continuum Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemomechanics of ionically conductive ceramics for electrical energy conversion and storage

et al. 2014

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Functional materials for energy conversion and storage exhibit strong coupling between electrochemistry and mechanics. For example, ceramics developed as electrodes for both solid oxide fuel cells and batteries exhibit cyclic volumetric expansion upon reversible ion transport. Such chemomechanical coupling is typically far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and thus is challenging to quantify experimentally and computationally. In situ measurements and atomistic simulations are under rapid development to explore how this coupling can be used to potentially improve both device performance and durability. Here, we review the commonalities of coupling between electrochemical and mechanical states in fuel cell and battery materials, illustrating with specific cases the progress in materials processing, in situ characterization, and computational modeling and simulation. We also highlight outstanding questions and opportunities in these applications -both to better understand the limiting mechanisms within the materials and to significantly advance the durability and predictability of device performance required for renewable energy conversion and storage.

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A Mathematical Model of Stress Generation and Fracture in Lithium Manganese Oxide

Cited by 392 publications

References 37 publications

Elasticity and Size Effects on the Electrochemical Response of a Graphite, Li-Ion Battery Electrode Particle

Elasticity and Size Effects on the Electrochemical Response of a Graphite, Li-Ion Battery Electrode Particle

Optimal Charging Profiles with Minimal Intercalation-Induced Stresses for Lithium-Ion Batteries Using Reformulated Pseudo 2-Dimensional Models

Chemomechanics of ionically conductive ceramics for electrical energy conversion and storage

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