A mathematical programming approach for optimal design of distributed energy systems at the neighbourhood level

A Technology Selection and Operation (TSO) optimisation model for distributed energy systems: Mathematical formulation and case study

“…Although some of the studies included the integration of other types of elements such as renewable energy technologies (e.g. solar PV) [2,7], the main element of the system is usually the CHP unit because the other elements cannot guarantee dispatchability [13]. It was also identified from the literature that most formulations applied an energy technology and resource conversion method similar to the Resource Technology Network (RTN) [14].…”

“…There is an extensive amount of literature describing different approaches for designing DES, ranging from standard recommendations to simulations [1,[4][5][6] and mathematical programming models [2,[7][8][9]11]. A broad range of factors integrate and influence DES design: diverse energy technologies, types of application (i.e.…”

“…[8] proposed a MINLP multi-objective model for integrated optimization for a residential complex and enabled the possibility of selling surplus electricity and heat to the grid; like [1], it considered TOU tariffs, variable energy demands and it made use of similar empirical models for scaling costs and determining part-load efficiencies. The previous two studies allowed for the use a single specific technology (CHP) that can vary in size, while [2,9,17] enabled the possibility to select from various technologies (e.g. gas-engine, fuel cells, biomass CHP) by incorporating in their MILP models a binary variable which represented if a technology was selected or not.…”

“…Simulations and mixed-integer programming (MIP) optimization models have assisted decision-makers in such tasks [1,2,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Diverse features and levels of complexity have been explored; the simplest model approaches consider constant energy demands and fixed energy costs while complex approaches consider fluctuating energy prices, variable energy demands, part-load efficiency integration, a carbon price and the possibility of selling electricity exported to the grid.…”

“…Co-generation technologies typically have high net first-law efficiencies but are more difficult to benefit from in centralised form given that heat is not as easily distributed over longer distances as electricity. DES can more easily benefit from co-generation technologies and the high energy efficiency they provide [2].…”