A Measure of Paradigm Beliefs About the Social World

Kramer, Deirdre A.; Kahlbaugh, Patricia E.; Goldston, Ruth B.

doi:10.1093/geronj/47.3.p180

Cited by 51 publications

(63 citation statements)

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“…In addition, most of the study populations in the Berlin Wisdom Project were well-educated adults, which could have restricted the likelihood of detecting individual differences in wisdom-related reasoning. Moreover, the stimulus materials in the Berlin project consisted of very brief descriptions of personal problems, which provided little contextual information (16-18).Both Basseches (10, 11) and Kramer (12,19,20) also attempted to investigate cognitive processes associated with wisdom and age. They found that some aspects of wise reasoning were positively associated with age.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Grossmann

Varnum

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

271

257

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It is well documented that aging is associated with cognitive declines in many domains. Yet it is a common lay belief that some aspects of thinking improve into old age. Specifically, older people are believed to show better competencies for reasoning about social dilemmas and conflicts. Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology. However, to date research has provided little evidence corroborating this assumption. We addressed this question in two studies, using a representative community sample. We asked participants to read stories about intergroup conflicts and interpersonal conflicts and predict how these conflicts would unfold. We show that relative to young and middle-aged people, older people make more use of higher-order reasoning schemes that emphasize the need for multiple perspectives, allow for compromise, and recognize the limits of knowledge. Our coding scheme was validated by a group of professional counselors and wisdom researchers. Social reasoning improves with age despite a decline in fluid intelligence. The results suggest that it might be advisable to assign older individuals to key social roles involving legal decisions, counseling, and intergroup negotiations. Furthermore, given the abundance of research on negative effects of aging, this study may help to encourage clinicians to emphasize the inherent strengths associated with aging.aging | wisdom | intelligence | problem-solving | reasoning F olk psychology holds that people become wiser as they get older (1-3), even in the face of significant age-related declines in many (but not all) forms of cognitive processing (4). A sufficient reason for assuming that older people are wiser is that they have more life experience (especially experience of social life) (3, 5, 6). Moreover, the idea of aging-related gains in wisdom is consistent with views of the aging mind in developmental psychology (7).There are many different views of the nature of wisdom (8). However, there is some consensus that wisdom involves the use of certain types of pragmatic reasoning to navigate important challenges of social life. For instance, Paul Baltes, who developed the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, defined wisdom as knowledge useful for dealing with life problems, including an awareness of the varied contexts of life and how they change over time, recognition that values and life goals differ among individuals and among groups, and acknowledgment of the uncertainties of life together with ways to manage those uncertainties (9). Similarly, Michael Basseches (10, 11) and Deirdre Kramer (12)-representing the neo-Piagetian or postformal view of reasoning-formulated a set of cognitive schemas involved in wise thinking, among them acknowledgment of others' points of view, appreciation of contexts broader than the issue at hand, sensitivity to the possibility of change in social relations, acknowledgment of the likelihood of multiple outcomes of a social conflict, concern with conflict resolution,...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Grossmann

Varnum

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

271

257

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“…All participants were un- Belief Inventory (SPBI), developed by Kramer et al (1992). The SPBI scale has shown internal consistencies ranging from .60 to .84 (M = .72; SD = .11).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Links Between Creative Performance and Post-Formal Thought

Kaya

Çıkış

2017

Creativity. Theories – Research - Applications

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The aim of this study is to reveal relations between creativity in design and the cognitive developmental stages of designers within a Post-Piagetian approach. In this study design processes were deeply inspected with the aim of obtaining more comprehensive information about the effects of individual's cognitive status on the design processes, problemsolving and quality of idea generation . In this field, studies done so far have been conducted on test results as indicators of creativity. Withinthe present study, however, protocol analyses were also evaluated, in addition to test results, and thanks to this addition, it was possible to determine the qualitative and quantitative effects of cognitive developmental stages on creativity. A total of twenty-five students voluntarily participated in the research. To collect data, two different methods were employed. The Social Paradigm Belief Inventory (SPBI), was employed to determine students' cognitive stages and scores, and the Think-aloud protocol was used to elicit verbal reports of the thought sequences of the students. In order to analyse the verbal reports reflecting designers' cognitive activities, the method of Linkography was conducted and the general statistics of segments were measured. To assess the relations between creativity in design and the cognitive developmental stages of the designers, SPBI scores and the general statistical values obtained from the design sessions were correlated. Findings showed that there is a strong and significant correlation between the cognitive development levels and creativity, in favour of dialectical thinking.

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“…Each world hypothesis or paradigm consists of a set of ontological, epistemological and anthropological axioms. More recently within the adult cognition literature, Pepper's two analytic world hypotheses of formism and mechanism have been combined into a single mechanistic paradigm (Botella and Gallifa, 1995;Johnson et al, 1988;Kramer et al, 1992). Formism assumes the existence of universal forms or types through which all entities can be classified and understood.…”

Section: Oversight Versus Paradigmatic Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contextualist paradigm can be characterized by a constructivist epistemology in contrast to the positivist epistemology of the mechanistic paradigm (Berzonsky, 1994;Botella and Gallifa, 1995). The integrated contextualist paradigm, akin to relativist and dialectical models (Kramer et al, 1992) and Perry's (1970) contextual relativism, views reality to be unique to each individual's perspective, experience and situation. This view epistemologically asserts that reality is internal to the knower and that the relationship between the knower and reality is subjective and relative.…”

Section: A Contextualist Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

A contextual perspective of clinical judgement in couples and family therapy: is the bridge too far?

Ivey

Scheel

Jankowski

1999

Journal of Family Therapy

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This paper reviews the clinical judgement literature and discusses its applicability to the practice of couples and family therapy. Key findings and conceptual foundations are highlighted. A contextual perspective is advocated to guide future investigations and to enhance the generalizability of the literature to the real-life experiences of therapists. Suggestions for theory development and future research are provided.The ascribed importance of therapist judgement to the clinical and counselling practices of psychology, psychiatry, social work, marriage and family therapy, and other mental health disciplines is perhaps best exemplified by the burgeoning numbers of texts devoted to interviewing and assessment. Articles and volumes are published at an exponential rate detailing the evaluative, diagnostic and treatment planning arts employed by mental health practitioners. Such attention is paralleled in formal training and continuing educational experiences. Over the course of a typical therapist's career, substantial time and energy is invested in activities designed to enhance his or her ability to accurately and efficiently determine the nature of client concerns and appropriate plans for intervention. Practitioners are consequently impressed early on in their development with the critical, if not central role of clinical acumen. Therapists commonly subscribe to the premise that client outcomes are, in the main, attributable to their personal proficiency in assessment and treatment decision-making. Amplified by the growing influence of managed care, practitioners

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A Measure of Paradigm Beliefs About the Social World

Cited by 51 publications

References 0 publications

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Reasoning about social conflicts improves into old age

Links Between Creative Performance and Post-Formal Thought

A contextual perspective of clinical judgement in couples and family therapy: is the bridge too far?

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