A mechanochemical synthesis of submicron-sized Li<sub>2</sub>S and a mesoporous Li<sub>2</sub>S/C hybrid for high performance lithium/sulfur battery cathodes

Li, Xiang; Gao, Mingxia; Du, Wubin; Ni, Bo; Wu, Yuanhe; Liu, Yongfeng; Shang, Congxiao; Guo, Zhengxiao; Pan, Hongge

doi:10.1039/c7ta00557a

Cited by 52 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…e as-prepared Li 2 S-C composites showed excellent cycling stability with an average decay rate of 0.18% per cycle over 200 cycles [10]. More complicate carbon-coating structures were designed to improve the electrochemical performance of Li 2 S [31][32][33][34][35]. Wu et al prepared a hierarchical particle-shell architecture Li 2 S-C composite ( Figure 6) with remarkable long-term cycling performance.…”

Section: Pyrolysis and Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

Zhou

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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Due to the ever-growing demand for high-density energy storage devices, lithium-ion batteries with a high-capacity cathode and anode are thought to be the next-generation batteries for their high energy density. Lithium sulfide (Li 2 S) is considered the promising cathode material for its high theoretical capacity, high melting point, affordable volume expansion, and lithium composition. is review summarizes the activation and lithium storage mechanism of Li 2 S cathodes. e design strategies in improving the electrochemical performance are highlighted. e application of the Li 2 S cathode in full cells of lithium-ion batteries is discussed. e challenges and new directions in commercial applications of Li 2 S cathodes are also pointed out.

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Section: Pyrolysis and Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

Zhou

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2020

Journal of Chemistry

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“…[18,20,53] Thus, the Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E cathode exhibits a low activation barrier of 3.0 V and high electrochemical charge efficiency with an activation capacity of 1073 mAh g −1 . [17,31,56] Both the Li 2 S-E and Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E cathodes show similar discharge and charge plateaus without additional redox reactions, implying that the TiS 2 functions as a stable additive ( Figure S9, Supporting Information). In Figure 3b and Figure S7 (Supporting Information), the freshly made cells fabricated with the Li 2 S-E composite show high charge-transfer and interface impedances at the high-and middlefrequency semicircles (300 ohms) as compared to those of the cells made with the Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E composite (100 ohms).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…[7,[20][21][22] In sharp contrast, the Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E cathode exhibits a very similar morphology before and after cycling (Figure 2g,h and Figure S6, Supporting Information). [22,49] The high impedance brought about by the Li 2 S-E composite causes an obvious diffusion impedance at the low frequency region, [22,45,56] possibly due to the low conductivity of the Li 2 S coating layer formed on the current collector. This morphological change implies that the TiS 2 is trapping polysulfides in the cathode region, [51][52][53] which should accelerate the redox kinetics.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This morphological change implies that the TiS 2 is trapping polysulfides in the cathode region, [51][52][53] which should accelerate the redox kinetics. [22,52,53,56] In Figure 3c and Figure S8 (Supporting Information), the cycled Li 2 S-E cathode displays increased resistance from 300 to Adv. [2,3,[7][8][9] After investigating the obvious morphological differences between the Li 2 S-E and Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E cathodes, we applied different electrochemical analytical tools to explore the activation and cycling performance of the cells (Figure 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The high activation energy caused by the insulating, inactive Li 2 S is detected during the initial activation cycle (Figure 3a), in which the Li 2 S-E cathode requires a high charge voltage of over 3.5 V. The activation barrier is related to the oxidation of Li 2 S, where the initial solid-to-solid conversion reaction will only occur at the three-phase boundary between the Li 2 S, electrolyte, and conductive agent. [22,27,45,56] However, the low overall impedance of the cycled Li 2 S-TiS 2 -E cathode still guarantees its better electrochemical efficiency and stability compared to that of the Li 2 S-E cathode. [18,[42][43][44] However, the high barrier limits the activation efficiency of the Li 2 S-E cathode, [9][10][11] resulting in a low activation capacity (895 mAh g −1 ), which will cause low reversible capacity during subsequent cycles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Li₂S‐TiS₂‐Electrolyte Composite for Stable Li₂S‐Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

Chung

Manthiram

2019

Advanced Energy Materials

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Despite these advantages, challenges remain in developing Li 2 S cathodes with high charge-storage capacity and electrochemical stability. [8,[20][21][22] For example, Li 2 S suffers from high ionic and electronic resistivity. [7,20,21] The resulting electrochemical inactivity of pristine Li 2 S causes a high 4.0 V (Li/Li + ) overpotential during the initial charging process, which can cause an instability of the electrode and electrolyte, leading to a poor electrochemical efficiency. [18,19,23] After the initial activation, the low ionic and electronic conductivity of Li 2 S and the electrochemical inactivity of the unactivated Li 2 S that remains in the cathode cause a poor electrochemical utilization and reversibility of the cell during subsequent cycling. [7,24,25] Besides the material challenges brought about by Li 2 S, polysulfides (Li 2 S x with x = 4-8) form immediately when Li 2 S is activated and continue to be generated and accumulated during the charge-discharge process. [25][26][27] Although polysulfides have high electrochemical activity for activating the pristine Li 2 S to enhance the reaction kinetics of the Li 2 S cathode, [6,28,29] the resulting polysulfides also easily dissolve in the liquid electrolyte. [21,22,28] The dissolved polysulfides have a high mobility, allowing them to diffuse out from the cathode to the anode region of the cell, where they subsequently corrode the lithium-metal anode and irreversibly relocate and deposit throughout the cell. [28,29] The degradation of both the anode and the cathode results in a fast capacity fade and short cycle life. [20][21][22]28] These intrinsic material characteristics (e.g., low conductivity, high overpotential, and uncontrollable polysulfide relocation) further exacerbate the extrinsic challenges of this technology (e.g., insufficient amount of active material, high amount of electrolyte, and low reversible capacity), which have delayed the commercialization of Li 2 S cathodes. [2,3,30] To overcome these challenges, various approaches have been proposed to reduce the overpotential associated with the high activation overpotential of Li 2 S as well as to limit the instability and inefficiency caused by the insulating nature of Li 2 S and the irreversible diffusion of polysulfides. [7,8,[20][21][22] One approach is to reduce the particle size of Li 2 S, embedding these nanoparticles in a conductive matrix to ensure facile electron and ion access. [12,31,32] Such Li 2 S-based nanocomposites have been demo nstrated with carbon nanotubes, [10,33] carbon nanofibers, [34] porous carbon, [9] (reduced) graphene oxide, [35,36] carbon Li 2 S is a fully lithiated sulfur-based cathode with a high theoretical capacity of 1166 mAh g −1 that can be coupled with lithium-free anodes to develop high-energy-density lithium-sulfur batteries. Although various approaches have been pursued to obtain a high-performance Li 2 S cathode, there are still formidable challenges with it (e.g., low conductivity, high overpotential, and irreversible polysulfide diffusion) an...

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A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

Bai

Gulzar

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

316

233

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are regarded as a new kind of energy storage device due to their remarkable theoretical energy density. However, some issues, such as the low conductivity and the large volume variation of sulfur, as well as the formation of polysulfides during cycling, are yet to be addressed before LSBs can become an actual reality. Here, presented is a comprehensive overview illustrating the techniques capable of mitigating these undesirable problems together with the electrochemical performances associated to the different proposed solutions. In particular, the analysis is organized by separately addressing cathode, anode, separator, and electrolyte. Furthermore, to better understand the chemistry and failure mechanisms of LSBs, important characterization techniques applied to energy storage systems are reviewed. Similarly, considerations on the theoretical approaches used in the energy storage field are provided, as they can become the key tool for the design of the next generation LSBs. Afterward, the state of the art of LSBs technology is presented from a geopolitical perspective by comparing the results achieved in this field by the main world actors, namely Asia, North America, and Europe. Finally, this review is concluded with the application status of LSBs technology, and its prospects are offered.nonrenewable sources depletion and environment pollution (global warming and air/water quality). In particular, the abundant use of fossil fuels (especially coal and oil) is origin of many medical problems all over the world resulting in a constant rising of health-care national systems expenses. In this regard, especially solar and wind based energy sources, have been demonstrated to represent a valid alternative to fossil fuels. However, their energy instability related to a nonconstant presence of sun/wind, determines an intermittent energy production which severely jeopardize a stable and reliable energy supply to the grid. In order to mitigate and possibly even to completely solve this issue, a feasible solution is to couple solar/wind energy generators with energy storage devices. The presence of these systems would indeed allow the release of the produced energy into the grid at the right time, therefore avoiding any instability or even grid failure. Among the available energy storage devices, secondary batteries represent surely a valid choice owing to the abundant research in this field and to the number of applications already exploiting batteries as the main energy source. In this regard, here we recall lead-acid, nickel-cadmium and His work mainly aims in modeling and experimentally validating complex systems at the micro/nanoscale with strong emphasis on the final device. In particular, his research themes focus on the integration of different physics (i.e., interdisciplinary) such as photonics, heat diffusion, electric charge/mass diffusion, and mechanicaldeformation toward the development of innovative devices for energy manipulation (harvesting and storage).nitrogen element coul...

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A mechanochemical synthesis of submicron-sized Li₂S and a mesoporous Li₂S/C hybrid for high performance lithium/sulfur battery cathodes

Cited by 52 publications

References 57 publications

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

A Li₂S‐TiS₂‐Electrolyte Composite for Stable Li₂S‐Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

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A mechanochemical synthesis of submicron-sized Li2S and a mesoporous Li2S/C hybrid for high performance lithium/sulfur battery cathodes

Cited by 52 publications

References 57 publications

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

Lithium Sulfide as Cathode Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Advances and Challenges

A Li2S‐TiS2‐Electrolyte Composite for Stable Li2S‐Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries

A Comprehensive Understanding of Lithium–Sulfur Battery Technology

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A mechanochemical synthesis of submicron-sized Li₂S and a mesoporous Li₂S/C hybrid for high performance lithium/sulfur battery cathodes

A Li₂S‐TiS₂‐Electrolyte Composite for Stable Li₂S‐Based Lithium–Sulfur Batteries