A medical-toxicological view of tattooing

THE COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE Tattoos, piercing, and scarification are now commonplace among adolescents and young adults. This first clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics on voluntary body modification will review the methods used to perform the modifications. Complications resulting from body modification methods, although not common, are discussed to provide the pediatrician with management information. Body modification will be contrasted with nonsuicidal self-injury. When available, information also is presented on societal perceptions of body modification. abstract Tattoos, piercings, and scarification, also known as "body modifications, " are commonly obtained by adolescents and young adults. Previous reports on those who obtain tattoos, piercings, and scarification have focused mainly on high-risk populations, including at-risk adolescents. 1 Tattooing and piercing of various body parts no longer is a high-riskpopulation phenomenon, as evidenced by growing numbers of adults and adolescents not considered at risk who have tattoos and multiple ear and body piercings. The Pew Research Center reports that in 2010, 38% of 18 to 29 year olds had at least 1 tattoo, and 23% had piercings in locations other than an earlobe. 2 Of those with tattoos, 72% were covered and not visible. 2 Scarification is the practice of intentionally irritating the skin to cause a permanent pattern of scar tissue; data are not currently available on the prevalence of scarification in the United States.Although body modifications have become a mainstream trend, they still may be associated with medical complications and, among adolescents, may also co-occur with high-risk behaviors. This first clinical report from the American Academy of Pediatrics on tattooing, piercing, and scarification discusses the history of these methods of body modification, educates the reader on methods used, reports on trends in associated adolescent and young adult risk behaviors, differentiates between nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) and body modifications, and educates the reader about how to anticipate and prevent potential medical complications. The report analyzes the literature about societal acceptance of people with body modifications and perceptions that

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“…Also reviewed are the potential risks associated with cleavage products formed during laser-assisted tattoo removal. 42 …”

Section: Complicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adolescent and Young Adult Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification

Breuner

Levine

2017

Pediatrics

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“…Therefore, these pigments are not specifically assessed for injection into and permanent application on the human body 11, 12. Currently, azo dyes are the chemicals that are most commonly used as colorants in tattoo inks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin‐18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model

et al. 2018

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BackgroundDuring the last decade, the number of people with ≥1 tattoo has increased noticeably within the European population. Despite this, limited safety information is available for tattoo inks.ObjectivesTo test the skin sensitization potential of 5 tattoo inks in vitro by using reconstructed human skin (RHS) and the contact sensitization biomarker interleukin (IL)‐18.MethodsTwo red and 3 black tattoo inks, 1 additive (Hamamelis virginiana extract) and 1 irritant control (lactic acid) were tested. The culture medium of RHS (reconstructed epidermis on a fibroblast‐populated collagen hydrogel) was supplemented with test substances in a dose‐dependent manner for 24 hours, after which cytotoxicity (histology; thiazolyl blue tetrazolium bromide assay) and skin sensitization potential (IL‐18 secretion; enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed.ResultsAll but 1 ink showed cytotoxicity. Notably, 1 red ink and 1 black ink were able to cause an inflammatory response, indicated by substantial release of IL‐18, suggesting that these inks may be contact sensitizers.ConclusionsThe in vitro RHS model showed that 4 tattoo inks were cytotoxic and 2 were able to cause an inflammatory IL‐18 response, indicating that an individual may develop allergic contact dermatitis when exposed to these tattoo inks, as they contain contact sensitizers.

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“…These compounds can occur in many types of food, especially after heat treatment or addition of preservative salts (Francis, 2000). They were found in grilled meat (Kocak et al, nost byla prokázána v grilovaném mase (Kocak et al, 2012), v někte-rých kosmetických přípravcích (Ma et al, 2011), tiskařských a tetovacích barvách (Laux et al, 2015), pryžových výrobcích (Speigelhalder et al, 1982), sušených rybách, uzeninách, v cigaretovém kouři a v neposlední řadě ve sladu a v pivu (Francis, 2000;Čulík et al, 1995).…”

unclassified

“…Kromě toho, že jsou některé pesticidy přímými prekur-2012), some cosmetic products (Ma et al, 2011), printing and tattoo inks (Laux et al, 2015), rubber products (Speigelhalder et al, 1982), dried fish, smoked meats, cigarette smoke and finally in malt and beer (Francis, 2000;Čulík et al, 1995).…”

unclassified

N-nitrosamines in 21<sup>th</sup> Century

Vrzal¹,

Olšovská²

2016

Kvasný Průmysl

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Erst in den 70er Jahren des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts wurden erstmals die stickstoffhaltigen krebserregenden Stoffe benannte N-Nitrosamine beschrieben. Ihr bewährtes Gehalt im Bier in Zusammenhang mit einem Gefahrrisiko für die Menschengesundheit hat zur Entwicklung von neuen technischen Verfahren, insbesondere der Malzherstellung geführt. Nach ihrer Einführung ist wesentlich Gehalt an N-Nitrosamine im Malz und im Bier erniedrigt worden, aus diesem Grund ist in den letzten 15 Jahren sanken Interesse an der Forschung dieser Stoffe zum Minimum, trotzdem dass in dieser Problematik viele Fragen noch nicht erklärt wurden. Dieser Artikel ist zur kurzen historischen Übersicht der N-Nitrosaminen Problematik gewidmet und informiert über bedeutendste Fortschritte, die in den letzten 15 Jahren bei der Analyse dieser Verbindungen geschafft wurden.

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A medical-toxicological view of tattooing

Cited by 210 publications

References 67 publications

Adolescent and Young Adult Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification

Adolescent and Young Adult Tattooing, Piercing, and Scarification

Comparison of the skin sensitization potential of 3 red and 2 black tattoo inks using interleukin‐18 as a biomarker in a reconstructed human skin model

N-nitrosamines in 21<sup>th</sup> Century

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