A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet on blood pressure

Alam, Shahin; Johnson, A. G.

doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000817

Cited by 52 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Consistent with previous studies reporting high salt diet (NaCl) increased risk of hypertension (Tabrizi et al, 2016) and aggravated extant high blood pressure (Alam & Johnson, 1999;Chidambaram et al, 2014). Instant noodle consumers are known to be at risk of high intake of energy, fat, and sodium (J.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Health-Risk Transition and 8-Year Hypertension Incidence in a Nationwide Thai Cohort Study

Thawornchaisit¹,

Looze²,

Reid³

et al. 2018

GJHS

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Objective: Rapid economic growth is transforming Thailand into a middle-income country. Also emerging are chronic diseases particularly hypertension, diabetes mellitus and kidney disease. There are few studies of the incidence of hypertension. We analyse the effect on 8-year incidence of hypertension of transitional health-risk factors including demography, socioeconomic status (SES), body mass index (BMI), sedentariness, physical activity, underlying diseases, personal behaviours, food, fruit and vegetable consumption. Design and Methods:Health-risk factors and their effects on the incidence of hypertension were evaluated prospectively in the national Thai Cohort Study from 2005 to 2013. All data were derived from 40,548 Sukhothai Thammathirat Open University students returning mail-based questionnaire surveys in both 2005 and 2013. Adjusted relative risks of association between each risk factor and incidence of hypertension were calculated after controlling for confounding factors. Results:In Thailand, the 8-year incidence of hypertension was 5.1% (men 7.1%, women 3.6%). Hypertension was associated with ageing, higher BMI, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, high lipids, SES, lower education level, lower household asset, physical inactivity, smoking, instant food intake and soft drink. Sex, having a partner, urbanization and sedentary habits had no influence on hypertension. Conclusion:In Thailand, hypertension is becoming a serious risk factor for chronic disease with a wide array of associations with modern life. As Thailand's socio-economy develops the health-risk transition will further impact on population health. Thais should be encouraged by government policy to consume less instant food, maintain normal BMI, increased physical activity, stop smoking and consume less soft drink.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Health-Risk Transition and 8-Year Hypertension Incidence in a Nationwide Thai Cohort Study

Thawornchaisit¹,

Looze²,

Reid³

et al. 2018

GJHS

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“…[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] An additional MEDLINE search for publications of sodium and potassium trials between January 1995 and March 2001 was performed. Eligibility criteria were (1) randomised design, (2) adult study population (mean age of 18 years or above), and (3) publication date after 1966.…”

Section: Selection Of Randomised Trialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,3 Meta-analyses of randomised trials found blood pressure falls of 3-5 mmHg systolic and 1-2 mmHg diastolic for sodium reduction in hypertensives, and reductions half this size in normotensives. [4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] For potassium supplementation, blood pressure reductions of more than 3 mmHg systolic and 2 mmHg diastolic have been reported. [13][14][15][16] Blood pressure response to sodium (and possibly also potassium) could be related to initial blood pressure level, age, gender, race, and genetic factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials

2003

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The objective of the study was to assess the blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake and examine effect modification by age, gender, blood pressure, body weight and habitual sodium and potassium intake. Randomised trials of sodium reduction or potassium supplementation and blood pressure were identified through reference lists of systematic reviews and an additional MEDLINE search (January 1995-March 2001. A total of 40 sodium trials and 27 potassium trials in adults with a minimum duration of 2 weeks were selected for analysis. Data on changes in electrolyte intake and blood pressure during intervention were collected, as well as data on mean age, gender, body weight, initial electrolyte intake and initial blood pressure of the trial populations. Blood pressure effects of changes in electrolyte intake were assessed by weighted metaregression analysis, overall and in strata of trial population characteristics. Analyses were repeated with adjustment for potential confounders.Sodium reduction (median: À77 mmol/24 h) was associated with a change of À2.54 mmHg (95% CI: À3.16, À1.92) in systolic blood pressure and À1.96 mmHg (À2.41, À1.51) in diastolic blood pressure. Corresponding values for increased potassium intake (median: 44 mmol/24 h) were À2.42 mmHg (À3.75, À1.08) and À1.57 mmHg (-2.65, -0.50). Blood pressure response was larger in hypertensives than normotensives, both for sodium (systolic: À5.24 vs À1.26 mmHg, Po0.001; diastolic: À3.69 vs À1.14 mmHg, Po0.001) and potassium (systolic: À3.51 vs À0.97 mmHg, P ¼ 0.089; diastolic: À2.51 vs À0.34 mmHg, P ¼ 0.074). In conclusion, reduced intake of sodium and increased intake of potassium could make an important contribution to the prevention of hypertension, especially in populations with elevated blood pressure.

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“…Sodium. Several meta-analyses and reviews have examined the relationship between sodium intake and blood pressure (603)(604)(605). A review of 32 trials covering 2,635 subjects concluded that moderate reduction of dietary sodium lowers systolic and diastolic blood pressure (603).…”

Section: Hypertensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications

et al. 2002

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A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCT) among healthy normotensive and essential hypertensive elderly patients to determine the effect of high salt (NaCl) diet on blood pressure

Cited by 52 publications

References 14 publications

Health-Risk Transition and 8-Year Hypertension Incidence in a Nationwide Thai Cohort Study

Health-Risk Transition and 8-Year Hypertension Incidence in a Nationwide Thai Cohort Study

Blood pressure response to changes in sodium and potassium intake: a metaregression analysis of randomised trials

Evidence-Based Nutrition Principles and Recommendations for the Treatment and Prevention of Diabetes and Related Complications

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