A meta-analysis of the effect of chatbot anthropomorphism on the customer journey

Abstract

PurposeChatbots are increasingly engaged in service marketing. Some academics and managers think using anthropomorphism chatbots will improve positive attitudes and behaviors in the customer journey, but at a high degree of anthropomorphism, consumers may experience negative emotions such as fear and disgust due to the feeling that the robots resemble humans too much, which is known as the uncanny valley effect. Therefore, the authors aim to explore whether chatbot anthropomorphism will promote or limit the development of the customer journey and explore the moderating factors and the antecedent factors affecting consumers' perceptions of chatbot anthropomorphism.Design/methodology/approachThe authors collected 72,782 unique data points from 42 articles and 82 samples using a meta-analysis. Based on the stimuli-organism-response (SOR) model, the impact of anthropomorphic chatbots on the consumer journey was discussed.FindingsThe authors’ findings show that chatbot anthropomorphism positively impacts the customer journey but not their negative attitudes. Further moderator analysis reveals that the impact depends on service result, chatbot gender and sample source. The chatbot anthropomorphism is significantly influenced by social presence cues, emotional message cues and mixed cues.Originality/valueThis research contributes to the chatbot anthropomorphism literature and offers guidance for managers on whether and how to enhance chatbot anthropomorphism to facilitate the customer journey and improve service sustainability.

Subscription intentions for ChatGPT plus: a look at user satisfaction and self-efficacy

“…While existing studies have delved into user adoption of AI-based services (DeLone and McLean, 2003; Hernández Ortega and Lucia-Palacios, 2023; Huang et al. , 2021; Kuberkar and Singhal, 2020; Pillai and Sivathanu, 2020; Yanxia et al ., 2023), there’s a notable scarcity of research on the willingness to pay for such services, especially as they shift from free to paid models. Our study seeks to fill this gap by examining the specific factors that influence subscription intentions for the paid version of ChatGPT-4.…”