A meta-analysis of the effect of binge drinking on the oral microbiome and its relation to Alzheimer’s disease

Abstract

The diversity of bacterial species in the oral cavity makes it a key site for research. The close proximity of the oral cavity to the brain and the blood brain barrier enhances the interest to study this site. Changes in the oral microbiome are linked to multiple systemic diseases. Alcohol is shown to cause a shift in the microbiome composition. This change, particularly in the oral cavity, may lead to neurological diseases. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder that may cause irreversible memory loss. This study uses the meta-analysis method to establish the link between binge drinking, the oral microbiome and AD. The QIAGEN Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) shows that high levels of ethanol in binge drinkers cause a shift in the microbiome that leads to the development of AD through the activation of eIF2, regulation of eIF4 and p70S6K signaling, and mTOR signaling pathways. The pathways associated with both binge drinkers and AD are also analyzed. This study provides a foundation that shows how binge drinking and the oral microbiome dysbiosis lead to permeability changes in the blood brain barrier (BBB), which may eventually result in the pathogenesis of AD.

Periodontitis as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer – What We Know Till Date?

“…Oral cavity contains a rich and diverse microflora like bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea, living in a dynamic and well-organized manner in different habitats of the oral cavity (Rautemaa et al, 2007;Yussof et al, 2020;Xu and Dongari-Bagtzoglou, 2015). The mucosa covered by keratinized and non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the dorsum of the tongue and the hard structures of the teeth, consisting of supra-and sub-gingival margins are the oral habitats (Xu and Dongari-Bagtzoglou, 2015) Recently, the microflora of oral cavity has gained much attention in the scientific community because it is not only a influential indicator of oral health, but is also related to an increased risk of systemic diseases including gastrointestinal diseases (eg.…”

“…The findings of "Human Microbiome Project" along with the advancements in molecular techniques have revealed much information about the microflora (Chadha et al, 2021). Central to the disclosure of the oral microflora is the development of the "Human Oral Microbiome Database" (HOMD) that provides the scientific community with an integrated and collaborative information on the types of bacteria present in the oral cavity (Singh et al, 2021;Yussof et al, 2020;Teles et al, 2021). In recent years, 784 different bacterial taxa and 1,567 genomes in the human oral microbiome taxonomic hierarchy have been listed by HOMD (Tuominen and Rautava, 2021).…”

“…Few highlights regarding the oral microbiome based on the results of HOMD are as follows (Tuominen and Rautava, 2021;Yussof et al, 2020;Xu and Dongari-Bagtzoglou, 2015;Gao et al, 2018;Teles et al, 2021;Cintoni et al, 2020;Bakhti and Latifi-Navid, 2021).…”

Periodontal microorganisms and Alzheimer disease – A causative relationship?

“…Overlapping species of AD and alcoholics were Porphyromonas spp. and Neisseria spp 136 . Overall, the data available on the oral microbiome of AD subjects so far appear not consistent among studies, suggesting a lack of methodological consensus guidelines when studying microbial dysbiosis in association with chronic disease.…”

Role of Oral Microbiota in Carcinogenesis: A Short Review

“…As compared to the other sites in human body, the oral cavity constitutes a unique and challenging environment for microbial growth and survival, since it undergoes high fluctuations in nutrient supply, pH, temperature, sheer and mechanical forces from mastication and oral hygiene practices, as well as exposure to various chemicals, encluding pharmaceuticals and toxicants [ 19 ]. Yet the oral cavity encompasses a wide array of rich and diverse ecosystem comprising hundreds of microbes like bacteria, fungi and viruses, living in a specific and organized manner in different sites of the oral cavity [ 20 - 22 ]. These begin as the flora passed on to the newborn from the mother; following eruption of both the primary and permanent dentitions; and with change in both supra- and sub-gingival niches (i.e.…”