A Meta-Analysis of the Global Stillbirth Rates during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Abstract

COVID-19 has been shown to have variable adverse effects on pregnancy. Reported data on stillbirth rates during the pandemic have, however, been inconsistent—some reporting a rise and others no change. Knowing the precise impact of COVID-19 on stillbirths should help with the planning and delivery of antenatal care. Our aim was, therefore, to undertake a meta-analysis to determine the impact of COVID-19 on the stillbirth rate. Databases searched included PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Web of Science, with no language restriction. Publications with stillbirth data on women with COVID-19, comparing stillbirth rates in COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 women, as well as comparisons before and during the pandemic, were included. Two independent reviewers extracted data separately and then compared them to ensure the accuracy of extraction and synthesis. Where data were incomplete, authors were contacted for additional information, which was included if provided. The main outcome measures were (1) stillbirth (SB) rate in pregnant women with COVID-19, (2) stillbirth rates in pregnant women with and without COVID-19 during the same period, and (3) population stillbirth rates in pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. A total of 29 studies were included in the meta-analysis; from 17 of these, the SB rate was 7 per 1000 in women with COVID-19. This rate was much higher (34/1000) in low- and middle-income countries. The odds ratio of stillbirth in COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 pregnant women was 1.89. However, there was no significant difference in population SB between the pre-pandemic and pandemic periods. Stillbirths are an ongoing global concern, and there is evidence that the rate has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic, but mostly in low- and middle-income countries. A major factor for this is possibly access to healthcare during the pandemic. Attention should be focused on education and the provision of high-quality maternity care, such as face-to-face consultation (taking all the preventative precautions) or remote appointments where appropriate.

The Importance of Vaccination, Variants and Time Point of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Pregnancy for Stillbirth and Preterm Birth Risk: An Analysis of the CRONOS Register Study

“…It is known that the risk of stillbirth after a SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnancy is increased [ 26 ]. A recent meta-analysis estimated that the odds ratio of stillbirth in COVID-19 compared to non-COVID-19 pregnant women was 1.89 [ 27 ]. In 2022, we reported the increased risk especially after early infection in a smaller cohort based on our CRONOS register data [ 12 ].…”

Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the Diagnosis of Cervical Cancer and Precursor Lesions—A Single-Center Retrospective Study

“…The COVID-19 pandemic has shown an impact on both pregnant and non-pregnant females of reproductive age. Several studies have reported increased mortality rates and poor maternal and neonatal outcomes among susceptible populations, such as oncological patients, pregnant women, and newborn infants [ 60 , 61 , 62 ]. In pregnant patients, the most common symptoms at admission to hospital were fever and cough, and pregnant patients were more likely to be admitted to intensive care units compared to the non-pregnant patients.…”