A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship between Leisure Constraint and Leisure Constraint Negotiation: Focused on Leisure Sport Participants

How Chinese female migrants in South Korea overcome constraints to participate in leisure activities

“…As such, each country holds a different culture, placing different values among individuals regardless of the similarities found between countries, indicating that migrants may encounter cultural constraints. Thus, by extending the existing three-constraint categorization (intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural), which has been popularly used in past leisure research (e.g., Crawford and Godbey, 1987; Hubbard and Mannell, 2001), this study added the cultural constraint subscale based on the conceptual and empirical evidence (Kim et al, 2010; Kim and Lee, 2012) and provided fuller information on leisure barriers surrounding women from ethnic minority backgrounds.…”

“…It would be, thus, worthwhile for future research to consider the different effects, such as level of acculturation, length of stay and reasons for migration. Third, this study measured leisure constraints using a four-dimensional scale adapted from past literature on leisure (Crawford and Godbey, 1987; Hubbard and Mannell, 2001; Kim et al, 2010). The use of qualitative methods (e.g., focus group discussions) as part of a mixed methods approach would be helpful in future studies.…”

“…The questionnaire consisted of four sections measuring leisure constraints, constraint negotiation, participation intention and demographic information. First, for the measurements of leisure constraint, a 4-dimensional scale with 22 items using a 5-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree) was adapted from past literature (Crawford and Godbey, 1987; Hubbard and Mannell, 2001; Kim et al, 2010). The subscales contained intrapersonal constraints (six items; e.g., “I feel uncomfortable to do an activity”), interpersonal constraints (five items; e.g., “The people I know live or work too far away”), structural constraints (seven items; e.g., “I won’t do another activity if I have other commitments”) and cultural constraints (four items; e.g., “I have trouble taking part in leisure activities in South Korea because of difficulties with communication”).…”