A meta‐analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite

Sauer, Erin L.; Cohen, Jeremy M.; Lajeunesse, Marc J.; McMahon, Taegan A.; Civitello, David J.; Knutie, Sarah A.; Nguyen, Karena H.; Roznik, Elizabeth A.; Sears, Brittany F.; Bessler, Scott; Delius, Bryan K.; Halstead, Neal T.; Ortega, Nicole; Venesky, Matthew D.; Young, S. M. M.; Rohr, Jason R.

doi:10.1002/ecy.2979

Cited by 37 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The predictions of the TMH, specifically that cold-and warm-adapted hosts should have peak disease prevalence at relatively warm and cool temperatures, respectively, have been broadly supported using (1) continental-and global-scale analyses of outbreaks of the fungal pathogen Bd across 394 amphibian host species and 1,396 host populations [46,48]; (2) experiments on hosts that can [53] and cannot thermoregulate [46]; and (3) a meta-analysis on host mortality risk from infection across laboratory studies ( [54]; Fig 1C). Moreover, TMH better explained the timing and location of >66 declines in the genus Atelopus putatively caused by Bd than Bd growth in culture, temperature variability, mean climate alone, climate change alone, or the introduction and spread of Bd [4].…”

Section: Recent Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease

Rohr

Cohen

2020

PLoS Biol

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Climate change is expected to have complex effects on infectious diseases, causing some to increase, others to decrease, and many to shift their distributions. There have been several important advances in understanding the role of climate and climate change on wildlife and human infectious disease dynamics over the past several years. This essay examines 3 major areas of advancement, which include improvements to mechanistic disease models, investigations into the importance of climate variability to disease dynamics, and understanding the consequences of thermal mismatches between host and parasites. Applying the new information derived from these advances to climate–disease models and addressing the pressing knowledge gaps that we identify should improve the capacity to predict how climate change will affect disease risk for both wildlife and humans.

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Section: Recent Advancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease

Rohr

Cohen

2020

PLoS Biol

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“…The thermal mismatch hypothesis has been broadly supported on the basis of continental and global-scale analyses of survey records of the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis across 394 amphibian host species and 1396 populations (12)(13)(14). Additionally, experimental infections revealed that hosts from warm climates experienced the greatest B. dendrobatidis infection loads and mortality under cool conditions, and vice versa (13), even when amphibians were able to thermoregulate (17), and a meta-analysis indicated that host mortality risk in the lab also increased under thermal mismatches (18). However, this hypothesis has only been shown to affect disease risk in amphibians infected with B. dendrobatidis, a system with an ectothermic host and ectoparasite that might be especially sensitive to environmental conditions.…”

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confidence: 96%

Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates

Cohen

Sauer

Santiago

et al. 2020

Science

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Disease outbreaks among wildlife have surged in recent decades alongside climate change, although it remains unclear how climate change alters disease dynamics across different geographic regions. We amassed a global, spatiotemporal dataset describing parasite prevalence across 7346 wildlife populations and 2021 host-parasite combinations, compiling local weather and climate records at each location. We found that hosts from cool and warm climates experienced increased disease risk at abnormally warm and cool temperatures, respectively, as predicted by the thermal mismatch hypothesis. This effect was greatest in ectothermic hosts and similar in terrestrial and freshwater systems. Projections based on climate change models indicate that ectothermic wildlife hosts from temperate and tropical zones may experience sharp increases and moderate reductions in disease risk, respectively, though the magnitude of these changes depends on parasite identity.

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“…Operationally, this suggests that cool-adapted host species should be most susceptible to pathogen infection during warm temperature periods whereas warm-adapted host species should be most susceptible to pathogens during periods of cool temperatures (Cohen et al, 2017). This hypothesis has been supported in laboratory experiments using amphibians and Bd (Cohen et al, 2017;Sauer et al, 2018) and these findings were supported in a recent metaanalysis (Sauer et al, 2020). Despite the generality of thermal mismatch hypothesis, factors such as geographic location, habitat specialization, and host life stage can each affect the strength and outcome of thermal mismatches on host−parasite interactions (Cohen et al, 2019).…”

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confidence: 81%

Does the thermal mismatch hypothesis predict disease outcomes in different morphs of a terrestrial salamander?

et al. 2022

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Many aspects of ectotherm physiology are temperature‐dependent. The immune system of temperate‐dwelling ectothermic host species is no exception and their immune function is often downregulated in cold temperatures. Likewise, species of ectothermic pathogens experience temperature‐mediated effects on rates of transmission and/or virulence. Although seemingly straightforward, predicting the outcomes of ectothermic host−pathogen interactions is quite challenging. A recent hypothesis termed the thermal mismatch hypothesis posits that cool‐adapted host species should be most susceptible to pathogen infection during warm temperature periods whereas warm‐adapted host species should be most susceptible to pathogens during periods of cool temperatures. We explore this hypothesis using two ecologically and physiologically differentiated color morphs of the Eastern Red‐backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus) and a pathogenic chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis; hereafter “Bd”) using a fully factorial laboratory experiment. At cool temperatures, unstriped salamanders (i.e., those that are tolerant of warm temperatures) had a significantly higher probability of Bd infection compared with cool‐tolerant striped salamanders, consistent with the thermal mismatch hypothesis. However, we found no support for this hypothesis when salamanders were exposed to Bd at warm temperatures: the probability of Bd infection in the cool‐tolerant striped salamanders was nearly identical in both cool and warm temperatures, opposite the predictions of the thermal mismatch hypothesis. Our results are most consistent with the fact that Bd grows poorly at warm temperatures. Alternatively, our data could indicate that the two color morphs do not differ in their tolerance to warm temperatures but that striped salamanders are more tolerant to cool temperatures than unstriped salamanders.

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A meta‐analysis reveals temperature, dose, life stage, and taxonomy influence host susceptibility to a fungal parasite

Cited by 37 publications

References 44 publications

Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease

Understanding how temperature shifts could impact infectious disease

Divergent impacts of warming weather on wildlife disease risk across climates

Does the thermal mismatch hypothesis predict disease outcomes in different morphs of a terrestrial salamander?

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