A Meta-Analytic Review of Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders

Dutra, Lissa; Stathopoulou, Georgia; Basden, Shawnee L.; Leyro, B.A. Teresa M.; Powers, Mark B.; Otto, Michael W.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.06111851

Cited by 1,154 publications

(871 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Take, for example, the issue of drug use, which is prohibited in a variety of religious traditions and is considered immoral in certain communities. Contingency management, a technique in which a target behavior (here, abstinence) is reinforced with vouchers or the opportunity to win money prizes, is highly effective (e.g., Dutra et al 2008). Indeed, behavior analysis has techniques available to reduce harmful behaviors including substance abuse (Alessi and Petry 2013;Andrade et al 2012), medication noncompliance (e.g., Petry et al 2015), and self-injurious behavior (e.g., Hanley et al 1998).…”

Section: Behavior Analysis and Moralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bonobo and the Behaviorist: Frans de Waal’s Bottom-Up Morality

Diller

Boornazian

2015

BEHAV ANALYST

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This review considers Frans de Waal's The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search for Humanism Among the Primates (2013) from a behavior-analytic perspective. In his book, de Waal asserts evolution as the predominant level of selection for moral behavior, denies the possibility of a prescriptive science of morality, and misrepresents the science of behavior analysis. We expand upon de Waal's analysis and incorporate operant and cultural levels of selection of moral behavior. We also address the distinction between facts and values and describe behavior-analytic interpretations of belief. In addition, we briefly discuss the possibility of developing a behavior-analytic science of moral behavior.Keywords Altruism . Behaviorism . Morality . Pragmatism . ValuesIn The Bonobo and the Atheist: In Search of Humanism Among the Primates (de Waal 2013), primatologist Frans de Waal attempts to usurp religion as the prevailing source of moral behavior, and replace it with our evolutionary history as social animals. To support his thesis, de Waal offers evidence from our primate relative, the bonobo, who regularly demonstrates moral behavior in the absence of religion. Throughout the book, de Waal emphasizes our continuity with other species, insisting that we should approach morality from the Bbottom up^as a product of evolutionary history rather than something imposed by divine sources. In doing so, he suggests that, B[w]e started out with moral sentiments and intuitions…Rather than having developed morality from scratch through rational reflection, we received a huge push in the rear from our background as social animals^(p. 17). De Waal frequently relies on these Bsentiments and intuitions^as the anchors by which all moral principles are grounded, eventually concluding that B[m]oral law is not imposed from above or derived from well-reasoned BEHAV ANALYST (2015) 38:293-307

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Section: Behavior Analysis and Moralitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bonobo and the Behaviorist: Frans de Waal’s Bottom-Up Morality

Diller

Boornazian

2015

BEHAV ANALYST

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“…Reinterpretation is well known as a cognitive strategy in emotion regulation and is suggested to also be applicable to craving for drugs and reward expectation. [11][12][13] Of special interest in this context is the interdependence between brain activation and the general tendency of individuals to restrict their food intake, on the one hand, or their susceptibility to uncontrolled eating, on the other. These measures are addressed by the three-factor eating questionnaire, 14,15 which we used to explore the eating behavior of our participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food

et al. 2011

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Objective: In this study, we investigate the brain mechanisms of the conscious regulation of the desire for food using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Further, we examine associations between hemodynamic responses and participants' cognitive restraint of eating (CRE), as well as their susceptibility to uncontrolled eating. Subjects: Seventeen non-vegetarian, right-handed, female Caucasian participants (age: 20-30 years, mean 25.3 years±3.1 s.d.; BMI: 20.2-31.2 kg m À2 , mean 25.1 ± 3.5 s.d.). Measurements: During scanning, our participants viewed pictures of food items they had pre-rated according to tastiness and healthiness. Participants were either allowed to admit to the desire for the food (ADMIT) or they were instructed to downregulate their desire using a cognitive reappraisal strategy, that is, thinking of negative long-term health-related and social consequences (REGULATE).Results: Comparing the hemodynamic responses of the REGULATE with the ADMIT condition, we observed robust activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the pre-supplementary motor area, the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the dorsal striatum (DS), the bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), the anterior insula and the temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). Activation in the DLPFC and the DS strongly correlated with the degree of dietary restraint under both conditions. Conclusion: Cortical activation in the DLPFC, the pre-supplementary motor area and the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) are known to underpin top-down control, inhibition of learned associations and pre-potent responses. The observed hemodynamic responses in the lateral OFC, the DS, the anterior insula and the TPJ support the notion of reward valuation and integration, interoceptive awareness, and self-reflection as key processes during active regulation of desire for food. In conclusion, an active reappraisal of unhealthy food recruits the brain's valuation system in combination with prefrontal cognitive control areas associated with response inhibition. The correlations between brain responses and CRE suggest that individuals with increased cognitive restraint show an automatic predisposition to regulate the hedonic aspects of food stimuli. This cognitive control might be necessary to counterbalance a lack of homeostatic mechanisms.

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“…First, across substance-using populations, prospective studies show that craving predicts relapse to drug taking following abstinence (9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15). Second, cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) include training in the cognitive regulation of craving, and are effective for treating SUDs (16). Third, across different forms of treatment, the deployment of cognitive strategies to reduce craving is associated with reduced relapse over time (13,(17)(18)(19)(20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving

Kober

Mende-Siedlecki

Kross

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

628

586

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The ability to control craving for substances that offer immediate rewards but whose long-term consumption may pose serious risks lies at the root of substance use disorders and is critical for mental and physical health. Despite its importance, the neural systems supporting this ability remain unclear. Here, we investigated this issue using functional imaging to examine neural activity in cigarette smokers, the most prevalent substance-dependent population in the United States, as they used cognitive strategies to regulate craving for cigarettes and food. We found that the cognitive down-regulation of craving was associated with (i) activity in regions previously associated with regulating emotion in particular and cognitive control in general, including dorsomedial, dorsolateral, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, and (ii) decreased activity in regions previously associated with craving, including the ventral striatum, subgenual cingulate, amygdala, and ventral tegmental area. Decreases in craving correlated with decreases in ventral striatum activity and increases in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity, with ventral striatal activity fully mediating the relationship between lateral prefrontal cortex and reported craving. These results provide insight into the mechanisms that enable cognitive strategies to effectively regulate craving, suggesting that it involves neural dynamics parallel to those involved in regulating other emotions. In so doing, this study provides a methodological tool and conceptual foundation for studying this ability across substance using populations and developing more effective treatments for substance use disorders.

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A Meta-Analytic Review of Psychosocial Interventions for Substance Use Disorders

Cited by 1,154 publications

References 69 publications

The Bonobo and the Behaviorist: Frans de Waal’s Bottom-Up Morality

The Bonobo and the Behaviorist: Frans de Waal’s Bottom-Up Morality

Neural correlates of the volitional regulation of the desire for food

Prefrontal–striatal pathway underlies cognitive regulation of craving

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