A metal-free polypyrrole/graphite secondary battery with an anion shuttle mechanism

Chemical reduction method for industrial application of undoped polypyrrole electrodes in lithium-ion batteries

“…Different battery prototypes using Ppy as cathode have been described [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] in the literature. Using a thin lithium electrode as anode, an experimental specific energy of 20-30 Wh kg −1 was obtained, being 240 Wh kg −1 [33] (versus lithium) its theoretical value.…”

“…In 1995, Beck and co-workers [22] developed the first lithium-ion battery with a p-doped polypyrrole (Ppy) cathode. They opened a way to build a new kind of rechargeable batteries with an electrochemically synthesized conducting polymer cathode.…”

“…At laboratory scale the electrochemical reduction process is easier and more accurate but from an industrial point of view the chemical reduction [26][27][28] is simpler, cheaper and therefore, more viable. Although a large number of studies have been done using electrochemically reduced conducting polymer electrodes [21][22][23][24], small attention has been paid to the chemical reduction of these polymers synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization.…”

“…Besides, as it can be repeatedly cycled between different oxidation states, this kind of polymers can be used as a reversible electrode for rechargeable batteries. Therefore, many polymers have been investigated and developed due to their potential industrial applicability in electrodes for rechargeable batteries [8][9][10][11][12][13][14] (as lithium [15][16][17][18][19][20] or lithium-ion batteries [21][22][23][24]). The advantages of using a polymer electrode as cathode are potentially higher specific capacities and lighter and more flexible cells, resulting from the light weight of the polymers.…”

Electrochemical characterization of a polypyrrole/Co0.2CrOx composite as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries

“…They also have reported that there is no adverse effect on the stability of the material in organic electrolyte. Boinowitz et al [20] have studied the performance of polypyrrole as a negative electrode in a novel metal-free battery using LiClO 4 and propylene carbonate electrolyte. They also have observed no adverse effects on the stability of the material in organic electrolyte.…”