A Metal Hydride Mobile Air Conditioning System

Magnetto, D.; Mola, S.; DaCosta, David H.; Golben, Mark; Rosso, M.J.

doi:10.4271/2006-01-1235

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…The second terms are taken with respect to the difference in the inlet and outlet pressure because of the irreversible losses caused by the fluid friction inside the tubes. The pressure losses for the systems are assumed to be 18, 418, and 109 Pa for air, refrigerant, and coolant systems . For the cabin air cooling system, the entropy generation for cooling the battery is represented by a heat transfer irreversibility in external flow as shown in the following equation :

{\overset{S}{true}}_{gen,external} = {((), \frac{((), T_{b} - T_{c,in})}{T_{c,in}})}^{2} \overset{true¯}{h} A + \frac{1}{T_{c,in}} A_{tube} Δ P V_{normalc}

…”

Section: System Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance assessment of thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles

Hamut

Dinçer

Naterer

2012

Int. J. Energy Res.

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SUMMARY Thermal management systems (TMS) are one of the key components of electric and hybrid electric vehicles to achieve high vehicle efficiency and performance under all operating conditions. Current improvements in electric battery technology allow vehicles to have relatively long ranges, fast acceleration, and long life while keeping low‐maintenance costs and considerably lower emissions. However, the vehicle performance is significantly affected by the battery operating conditions. Moreover, the cell life cycle, safety, and possibility of thermal runaway significantly depend on peak temperature rise and temperature uniformity of the battery. Therefore, various TMSs are created to keep batteries within ideal operating ranges. In this article, three different TMS systems—passive cabin cooling (via air), active moderate liquid circulation (via refrigerant), and active liquid circulation (via refrigerant and coolant)—are analyzed and compared with electric and hybrid electric vehicles. A second law analysis is used to examine the areas of low exergy efficiency in each system and minimize the entropy generation based on the system configuration. Moreover, TMS systems are compared on the basis of battery temperature increase and temperature uniformity. Various parametric studies are conducted to compare the TMS in different ambient and operating conditions. On the basis of the analysis, the active liquid circulation (via refrigerant and coolant) is determined to have the lowest battery temperature increase (3.9 °C in 30 min) and most cell temperature uniformity (2.5 °C median) as well as the lowest entropy generation rate (0.0121 W/K) among the compared systems. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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{\overset{S}{true}}_{gen,external} = {((), \frac{((), T_{b} - T_{c,in})}{T_{c,in}})}^{2} \overset{true¯}{h} A + \frac{1}{T_{c,in}} A_{tube} Δ P V_{normalc}

…”

Section: System Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A widely used automotive refrigerant R134a is used in the refrigerant circuit and water in the coolant circuit. An average cooling capacity of 5 kW is used, and the compressor efficiency is assumed to be 81% for the study. In the analysis, steady‐state conditions are assumed for all components in the cycle.…”

Section: System Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance assessment of thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles

Hamut

Dinçer

Naterer

2012

Int. J. Energy Res.

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“…The search for new energy storage technologies has led to investigation of metal hydrides for this purpose, including using hydrides as a compact form of hydrogen storage for fuel cells [1,2,3,4,5,6] and for energy storage integrated with concentrated solar power generation [7,8,9,10,11]. Systems with multiple metal hydride reactors have also been evaluated for heating and cooling applications, where the hydride reactors are used in place of a heat pump [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. A common design for metal hydride systems in energy storage, heating, and cooling applications is to have a pair of metal hydride reactors connected so that hydrogen can flow between them.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If this system design is used for continuous cooling instead of energy storage, a four-reactor system is necessary, with one reactor pair in each step of the cycle at any given time [12,13,14]. An alternative design, which uses a single pair of connected reactors, provides a continuous cooling load by using a compressor to move hydrogen between the reactors, thus driving the reaction in each reactor by changing the pressure, instead of the temperature [15]. This system design requires additional power for operating the compressor, but allows for more flexibility in choosing the specific hydrides used in the reactors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to two-reactor systems, experimental demonstrations [14,15] used logic-based controllers to operate the system, but did not involve the design of real-time controllers that could achieve specific heat transfer rates at specific times, as would be desired for an energy storage system which is charged and discharged over a longer period of time and may not be charged or discharged from a fluid or a compressor to drive the system operation, but have not examined how to control a system that uses both. In summary, previous work on control strategies for metal hydride reactors has not considered real-time control for a two-reactor system using both temperature and pressure to drive operation, nor control using a linear model derived from the system dynamics rather than from a black-box model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Two-Reactor Metal Hydride Energy Storage System

Krane¹,

Nash²,

Ziviani³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Metal hydrides have been studied for use in energy storage, hydrogen storage, and air-conditioning (A/C) systems. A common architecture for A/C and energy storage systems is two metal hydride reactors connected to each other so that hydrogen can flow between them, allowing for cyclic use of the hydrogen. This paper presents a nonlinear dynamic model and multivariate control strategy of such a system. Each reactor is modelled as a shell-and-tube heat exchanger connected to a circulating fluid, and a compressor drives hydrogen flow between the reactors. We further develop a linear state-space version of this model integrated with a model predictive controller to determine the fluid mass flow rates and compressor pressure difference required to achieve desired heat transfer rates between the metal hydride and the fluid. A series of case studies demonstrates that this controller can track desired heat transfer rates in each reactor, even in the presence of time-varying circulating fluid inlet temperatures, thereby enabling the use of a two-reactor system for energy storage or integration with a heat pump.

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Hybrid Refrigeration System Hypothesis Using Vapour Compression and Metal Hydride Refrigeration systems—A Review

Singh¹

2022

Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering

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A Metal Hydride Mobile Air Conditioning System

Cited by 15 publications

References 0 publications

Performance assessment of thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles

Performance assessment of thermal management systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles

Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Two-Reactor Metal Hydride Energy Storage System

Hybrid Refrigeration System Hypothesis Using Vapour Compression and Metal Hydride Refrigeration systems—A Review

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