A method for assessing alertness fluctuations from EEG spectra

Matouŝek, M; Petersén, I.

doi:10.1016/0013-4694(83)90154-2

Cited by 129 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Awake-sleep transition-When an awake, alert person gradually falls asleep there is a transition from being fully awake to being clearly asleep. This transition is of great importance to understanding clinically relevant changes in alertness and sustained attention and is associated with well-established EEG changes (Dement and Kleitman, 1957;Matousek and Petersen, 1983;Rechtschaffen and Kales, 1968;Santamaria and Chiappa, 1987b). Some EEG changes in stage 1 sleep relate to the alpha rhythm: anteriorization, slowing by 0.5-2.0 Hz, fluctuations in amplitude and, eventually, loss of alpha activity.…”

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Quantitative EEG measures-Using more quantitative measures for alertness, there is an increase in slow frequencies and decrease in fast activities during the sleep onset period, with different investigators advocating using various measures or ratios of theta and delta with beta and alpha (Gevins et al, 1977;Matousek and Petersen, 1983;Merica and Gaillard, 1992). The theta changes are more prominent frontally while the alpha changes may be more generalized (Strijkstra et al, 2003).…”

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

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Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

678

463

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Vigilance is a term with varied definitions but the most common usage is sustained attention or tonic alertness. This usage of vigilance implies both the degree of arousal on the sleep-wake axis and the level of cognitive performance. There are many interacting neural and neurotransmitter systems that affect vigilance. Most studies of vigilance have relied on states where the sleep-wake state is altered, e.g. drowsiness, sleep-deprivation, and CNS-active drugs, but there are factors ranging from psychophysics to motivation that may impact vigilance. While EEG is the most commonly studied physiologic measure of vigilance, various measures of eye movement and of autonomic nervous system activity have also been used. This review paper discusses the underlying neural basis of vigilance and its assessment using physiologic tools. Since, assessment of vigilance requires assessment of cognitive function this aspect is also discussed.

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Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Conditions Associated With Changes In Alertness and Sustainementioning

confidence: 99%

Vigilance, alertness, or sustained attention: physiological basis and measurement

Oken

Salinsky

Elsas

2006

Clinical Neurophysiology

678

463

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“…When other factors are held constant, EEG signals tend to have high test-retest reliability (McEvoy et al, 2000;Salinsky et al 1991). Despite this stability under normal conditions, EEG signals can be very sensitive to variations in alertness (Broughton 1982;Gevins et al 1977;Makeig and Jung 1995;Matousek and Petersen 1983;Oken and Salinsky 1992; Torsvall and Åk-erstedt 1988), and/or the amount of effortful attention exerted during task performance (Gale et al 1978;Galin et al 1978;Gevins et al 1997;Inouye et al 1988;Miyata et al 1990). Because of such characteristics, EEG measures have often been used to help characterize the central effects of alcohol (Cohen et al 1993;Davis et al 1941;Lukas et al 1986), and psychoactive medications (Bruce et al 1986;Hermann 1982;Saletu et al 1994;Schulz et al 1996;Semlitsch et al 1995).…”

Section: Many Common Pharmacological Treatments Have Effects On Cognimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, frontal midline theta was measured as the peak frequency between 5 and 7 Hz at electrode site AFz, and parietal alpha was measured as the average power in a 1Hz band around the peak frequency between 8 and 12 Hz at electrode Pz. For the EEG recorded under passive resting conditions, past studies indicate that activity in the delta and theta bands at posterior sites, and the alpha rhythm measured over the occipital region, are highly sensitive to variations in alertness and arousal (Davis et al 1937;Gevins et al 1977;Makeig and Jung 1995;Matousek and Petersen 1983;Oken and Salinsky 1992). Herein, resting condition delta was measured as the average power between 2 and 4 Hz at Pz, and resting posterior theta was measured as the average power between 4 and 6 Hz at electrode site Pz.…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, past studies have shown that in the EEG recorded under passive resting conditions, drowsiness is associated with an increase in spectral power in the delta band (Ͻ4 Hz) and the lower portion (4-6 Hz) of the theta band, and with attenuation of alpha band (8-12 Hz) signals under eyes closed states (Davis et al 1937;Gevins et al 1977;Makeig and Jung 1995;Matousek and Petersen 1983;Oken and Salinsky 1992). Past studies with the tasks employed here have also identified signals that vary systematically with changes in task difficulty and hence the degree of attentional effort demanded for accurate task performance Gevins and Smith, 2000;Gevins et al 1996Gevins et al , 1997Gevins et al , 1998McEvoy et al 1998;McEvoy et al, 2000).…”

Section: Changes In Neurophysiological Activity Following Treatment Wmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tracking the Cognitive Pharmacodynamics of Psychoactive Substances with Combinations of Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures

Gevins

Smith

McEvoy

2002

Neuropsychopharmacology

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Many common pharmacological treatments have effects on cognitive ability. Psychometric task batteries used to characterize such effects do not provide direct information about treatment-related changes in brain function. Since overt task performance reflects motivation and effort as well as ability, behavioral measures alone may overestimate or underestimate the impact of a pharmacological intervention on brain function. Here we present a method that combines behavioral and neurophysiological measures in an attemptMany medications affect performance, attention, and alertness. The most common such side effect is sedation (Ramaekers 1998). Patients complain of somnolence, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, and diminished energy. On testing they tend to demonstrate diminished speed and accuracy of psychomotor and cognitive performance (Ramaekers 1998). Psychoactive medications may also impair memory, attention, and concentration in the absence of sedative effects. There is a growing literature on the cognitive side effects of treatments for many types of disorders. For example, recent articles have described acute cognitive impairments associated with interferon-␣ treatment (Valentine et al. 1998), chemotherapy (van Dam et al. 1998, antianxiety treatments (Sumner 1998), and treatment for allergies (Fireman 1997).A major problem in determining whether and to what extent drugs produce cognitive effects is that there are no standard effective means for objectively assessing cognitive impairments associated with pharmacological treatments. This lack of a clinical standard has 26 , NO . 1 been cited as a major confounding factor in the discrepancies between the results of different clinical trials (Vermeulen and Aldenkamp 1995). In most cases performance on an ad hoc battery of rating scales and behavioral tests of cognitive and psychomotor functions is employed. Such tests likely vary widely in their sensitivity. A subtler problem with this approach is the fact that behavior is the end product of many neural systems, some of which may be recruited or adapted in some way to compensate for deficits. That is, an individual might be able to temporarily mobilize the necessary mental resources to perform a cognitive test even when mildly debilitated but not be able to maintain such extra effort over the course of a workday. Conversely, a low level of test performance may reflect motivational rather than ability factors. Hence, in isolation, behavior may not provide an accurate picture of the effects of a medication on cognitive brain function.Electroencephalogram (EEG) data can provide assessments of cognitive changes that complement the information provided by self-report and behavioral measures. When other factors are held constant, EEG signals tend to have high test-retest reliability (McEvoy et al., 2000;Salinsky et al. 1991). Despite this stability under normal conditions, EEG signals can be very sensitive to variations in alertness (Broughton 1982;Gevins et al. 1977;Makeig and Jung 1995;Matousek and Petersen 1983...

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