A method for counting trypanosomes using Gram's iodine as diluent

Petana, Walter B.

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(63)90104-4

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…b . brucei) , the donor mice were anaesthetized using carbon dioxide, the parasites collected through cardiac puncture in tubes containing 10% EDTA and quantified using improved Neubauer chamber method of [23] The parasites (in blood) were subsequently diluted to 1.0 x 10 4 trypanosomes/mL with Phosphate-buffered-Saline-Glucose (PSG) (44 mM NaCl, 57 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 3 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 55 mM glucose) pH 8.0 solution. Subsequently, five groups of six mice [5,24,25]each were intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intradermaly or intravenously inoculated with 0.1mL (1.0 x 10 4 trypanosomes) of the T .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Route of inoculation influences Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei virulence in Swiss white mice

et al. 2019

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Experiments on infections caused by trypanosomes are widely performed in Swiss white mice through various inoculation routes. To better understand the effect of route of trypanosome inoculation on disease outcomes in this model, we characterised the virulence of two isolates, Trypanosoma bruce i KETRI 2710 and T . congolense KETRI 2765 in Swiss white mice. For each of the isolates, five routes of parasite inoculation, namely intraperitoneal (IP), subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) intradermal (ID) and intravenous (IV) were compared using groups (n = 6) of mice, with each mouse receiving 1x10 4 trypanosomes. We subsequently assessed impact of the routes on disease indices that included pre-patent period (PP), parasitaemia levels, Packed Cell Volume (PCV), bodyweight changes and survival time. Pre-patent period for IP inoculated mice was a mean ± SE of 3.8 ± 0.2 and 6.5 ± 0.0 for the T brucei and T . congolense isolates respectively; the PP for mice groups inoculated using other routes were not significantly different(p> 0.05) irrespective of route of inoculation and species of trypanosomes. With ID and IP routes, parasitaemia was significantly higher in T . brucei and significantly lower in T . congolense infected mice and the progression to peak parasitaemia routes showed no significant different between the routes of either species of trypanosome. The IM and ID routes in T . congolense inoculations, and IP and IV in T . b . brucei induced the fastest and slowest parasitaemia progressions respectively. There were significant differences in rates of reduction of PCV with time post infection in mice infected by the two species and which was more pronounced in sc and ip injected mice. No significant differences in mice body weight changes and survivorship was observed between the routes of inoculation. Inoculation route therefore appears to be a critical determinant of pathogenicity of Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei in murine mouse model of African trypanosomiasis.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Route of inoculation influences Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei virulence in Swiss white mice

et al. 2019

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“…The donor mice were examined daily for parasitaemia using the rapid matching method (Herbert & Lumsden 1976 ). At peak parasitaemia (1 × 10 7.8 trypanosomes/mL for the T. vivax and 1 × 10 6 trypanosomes/mL for the T. congolense) , the donor mice were anaesthetised using carbon dioxide, the parasites were collected through cardiac puncture in 10% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) treated tubes and quantified using improved Neubauer chamber method (Petana 1963 ). The parasites in blood were diluted to 1.0 × 10 5 trypanosomes/mL with Phosphate-buffered-Saline-Glucose (PSG) (44 mM NaCl, 57 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 3 mM KH 2 PO 4 , 55 mM glucose) pH 8.0 solution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ascofuranone antibiotic is a promising trypanocidal drug for nagana

Suganuma,

Mochabo,

Chemuliti

et al. 2024

Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research

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Trypanosomosis is a disease complex which affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa, transmitted by the tsetse fly and distributed within the tsetse belt of Africa. But some trypanosome species, for example, Trypanosoma brucei evansi, T. vivax, T. theileri and T. b. equiperdum are endemic outside the tsetse belt of Africa transmitted by biting flies, for example, Tabanus and Stomoxys, or venereal transmission, respectively. Trypanocidal drugs remain the principal method of animal trypanosomosis control in most African countries. However, there is a growing concern that their effectiveness may be severely curtailed by widespread drug resistance. A minimum number of six male cattle calves were recruited for the study. They were randomly grouped into two ( T. vivax and T. congolense groups) of three calves each. One calf per group served as a control while two calves were treatment group. They were inoculated with 10 5 cells/mL parasites in phosphate buffered solution (PBS) in 2 mL. When parasitaemia reached 1 × 10 7.8 cells/mL trypanosomes per mL in calves, treatment was instituted with 20 mL (25 mg/kg in 100 kg calf) ascofuranone (AF) for treatment calves, while the control ones were administered a placebo (20 mL PBS) intramuscularly. This study revealed that T. vivax was successfully cleared by AF but the T. congolense group was not cleared effectively. Contribution There is an urgent need to develop new drugs which this study sought to address. It is suggested that the AF compound can be developed further to be a sanative drug for T. vivax in non-tsetse infested areas like South Americas.

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“…Baseline data (temperature, PCV, blood plasma protein, total WBC count, differential WBC count, and body weight) were obtained from each of the animals in all the groups for a period of 1 week prior to infection. Each sheep in groups A and B was infected through intravenous inoculation of 2 mL containing approximately 2.0 × 10 6 of Trypanosoma vivax as quantified using the improved Neubauer hemocytometer (30), and each sheep in groups E and F was also infected with the same quantity of Trypanosoma congolense. Group C served as an uninfected control (i.e.…”

Section: Animal Groupingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative clinical presentation and pathology of some organs in experimentally infected Yankasa sheep with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense from Nigeria

Ogbaje¹,

Lawal²,

Ajanusi³

2017

Turk J Vet Anim Sci

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A study was conducted to compare the clinical presentation and pathology of some organs associated with experimental infection of Nigeria field isolates of Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense in the Yankasa breed of sheep. Thirty adult Yankasa sheep of both sexes were used. They were screened for hemo-, endo-, and ectoparasites and treated and conditioned for 2 weeks. They were divided into 5 groups (A, B, C, E, and F) of 6 animals each. Two groups each (A, B and E, F) were infected with 2 mL of infected blood containing approximately 2.0 × 10 6 of T. vivax and T. congolense, respectively. Groups B and F were left untreated and monitored for 7 weeks while groups A and E were treated at the peak of parasitemia with a trypanocide. Group C served as an uninfected control. Clinical signs observed in both groups were anorexia, rough hair coat, ocular discharge, pale mucous membrane, diarrhea, severe weakness, depression, edema of the eye lids in some animals, and emaciation. In addition, teeth grinding and torticollis-like central nervous system disorders were also observed in some animals in group B. Some gross and histopathological lesions were seen in both groups in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, brain, skeletal muscles, and hydropericardium.

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A method for counting trypanosomes using Gram's iodine as diluent

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Route of inoculation influences Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei virulence in Swiss white mice

Route of inoculation influences Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei virulence in Swiss white mice

Ascofuranone antibiotic is a promising trypanocidal drug for nagana

Comparative clinical presentation and pathology of some organs in experimentally infected Yankasa sheep with Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense from Nigeria

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