A method for establishing a five odorant identification confusion matrix task in rats

Youngentob, Steven L.; Markert, Lisa M.; Mozell, Maxwell M.; Hornung, David E.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(90)90352-5

Cited by 46 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Independent multimodal visual and tactile cues could enable accurate arm choice (e.g., Kraemer et al 1983;M'Harzi andJarrard 1992). The use of the olfactory cues in darkness in our experiment supports previous findings showing the well-developed ability of rats to process olfactory information exhibited in nonspatial tasks (e.g., Staubli et al 1987;Youngentob et al 1990;Slotnick et al 1991;Lu et al 1993). Rats exhibit exceptionally rapid acquisition of operant discriminations when trained with odors (Nigrosh et al 1975;Slotnick 1984) and when olfactory cues outperform visual cues in discrimination problems (Terrace 1963).…”

Section: Different Modes Of Processing Of Olfactory Information Accorsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…This is surprising, as rats are known for their well-developed abilities to process olfactory information (e.g., Staubli et al 1987;Youngentob et al 1990;Slotnick et al 1991;Lu et al 1993). Previous experiments concerned with the use of olfactory cues in the eight-arm radial maze demonstrated that even though intramaze olfactory cues could contribute to the complex sensory information enabling accurate performancc (Buresova and Bures 1981), these cues failed to direct arm choice (Olton and Samuelson 1976;Olton and Collison 1979) and were not critical for accurate arm choice (Zoladek and Roberts 1978).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Integration of olfactory information in a spatial representation enabling accurate arm choice in the radial arm maze.

Lavenex

Schenk²

1996

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Section: Different Modes Of Processing Of Olfactory Information Accorsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of olfactory information in a spatial representation enabling accurate arm choice in the radial arm maze.

Lavenex

Schenk²

1996

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“…Consequently, because both hydrocarbon structure and functional groups have been identified as important structural determinants of bulbar activity patterns (Johnson et al, 2002(Johnson et al, , 2005aLeon and Johnson, 2003), it is not possible to predict, a priori, which odorant pairs would produce the most similar activity patterns. Indeed, as outlined below, the activity patterns evoked by these five odorants overlap in different bulbar locations depending on the different chemical relationships between the compoundsIn this study, we show that 2-DG spatial patterns of odorant-evoked glomerular activity (Johnson & Leon, 2000a,b) accurately predict odorant quality perceptual patterns resulting from an odorant identification confusion matrix task that directly extracts perceptual quality relationships across sets of odorants (Kent et al, , 2003Youngentob et al, 1990Youngentob et al, , 1991Youngentob et al, , 2001). …”

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confidence: 96%

Predicting odorant quality perceptions from multidimensional scaling of olfactory bulb glomerular activity patterns.

Youngentob

Johnson

Leon

et al. 2006

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Odorants and their perceptions differ along multiple dimensions, requiring that a critical examination of any putative neural code directly access the multidimensional nature of the encoding process. Previous work has examined simple, systematic odorant differences that, regardless of coding strategy, would be expected to produce simple, systematic predictions in neural and behavioral responses. Using an odorant identification confusion matrix task that extracts precise quality relationships across odorants, we determined whether spatially specific glomerular activity patterns predict perceptual quality relationships for odorants that cannot easily be classified a priori along a single chemical dimension. Multidimensional scaling analysis of odorant pattern similarity measures derived from the comparison of [ 14 C]-2-deoxyglucose glomerular activity pattern data yielded a twodimensional odorant activity space that was highly significantly predictive of similarly obtained odorant perceptual spaces, uniformly across animals. These results strongly support the relevance of global spatial patterns in the olfactory bulb to the encoding of odor quality. Keywordsodorant quality perception; bulbar activity patterns; 2-deoxyglucose The first step in the encoding of an odorant appears to be mediated by the binding of odorant molecular features to odorant receptors on olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) (Malnic et al., 1999). Odorants stimulate distinct patterns of activity in the olfactory epithelium (Moulton, 1976;Scott & Brierly, 1999;Youngentob et al., 1995) that accurately predict psychophysically determined odorant quality perception (Kent et al., , 2003. By virtue of the highly organized OSN projections to the bulb (Mombaerts, 1996), the information displayed by glomeruli is a reflection of the OSN responses (Johnson & Leon, 2000a,b;Johnson et al., 1998Johnson et al., , 1999Johnson et al., , 2002Johnson et al., , 2005aUchida et al., 2000). Therefore, it has been hypothesized that odorant quality is represented through patterns of glomerular activation that enhance the patterned information established in the differential activation of OSNs (Kent et al., 2003;Mori et al., 1999;Youngentob et al., 1995). Consistent with this view are functional imaging studies demonstrating odorant specific patterns of glomerular activity (Johnson & Leon, 2000a,b;Johnson et al., 1998Johnson et al., , 1999Johnson et al., , 2002Johnson et al., , 2005a Meister & Bonhoffer, 2001;Uchida et al., 2000;Xu et al., 2003). Also suggestive are behavioral observations demonstrating that bulbar patterns of [ 14 C]-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) glomerular uptake predict the differential ability of rats to perceive two chemically similar stimuli as different in an olfactory habituation/ Linster et al., 2001], homologous series [Cleland et al., 2002;Ho et al., 2006a] or similar hydrocarbons [Ho et al., 2006b]).The above notwithstanding, the molecules, neural responses, and perceptions involved in olfaction are by their nature multidimensional. Indeed, o...

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“…Over thousands of trials, however, enough errors are committed to permit a rigorous statistical analysis. Individual rats tend to commit the same types of errors, revealing that some odorants are more likely to be misidentified than are others (Youngentob et al, 1990). …”

Section: Odorant Confusion Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The correlation between odorant-evoked glomerular responses and odorant-evoked perceptions would be more compelling if one could demonstrate that a quantitative relationship among the patterns evoked by a larger group of unrelated odorants was paralleled by a similar quantitative relationship across their evoked perceptions. To address the comparison of multiple odors in a single experimental protocol, Steven Youngentob developed a five-odorant confusion matrix task in which rats learn to associate each of five different odorants with one of five different tunnels (Youngentob et al, 1990). Rats are given extensive training to identify the correct response tunnels with very few errors.…”

Section: Odorant Confusion Matrixmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemotopic odorant coding in a mammalian olfactory system

Johnson

Leon

2007

J of Comparative Neurology

259

213

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Systematic mapping studies involving 365 odorant chemicals have shown that glomerular responses in the rat olfactory bulb are organized spatially in patterns that are related to the chemistry of the odorant stimuli. This organization involves the spatial clustering of principal responses to numerous odorants that share key aspects of chemistry such as functional groups, hydrocarbon structural elements, and/or overall molecular properties related to water solubility. In several of the clusters, responses shift progressively in position according to odorant carbon chain length. These response domains appear to be constructed from orderly projections of sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium and may also involve chromatography across the nasal mucosa. The spatial clustering of glomerular responses may serve to "tune" the principal responses of bulbar projection neurons by way of inhibitory interneuronal networks, allowing the projection neurons to respond to a narrower range of stimuli than their associated sensory neurons. When glomerular activity patterns are viewed relative to the overall level of glomerular activation, the patterns accurately predict the perception of odor quality, thereby supporting the notion that spatial patterns of activity are the key factors underlying that aspect of the olfactory code. A critical analysis suggests that alternative coding mechanisms for odor quality, such as those based on temporal patterns of responses, enjoy little experimental support.

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A method for establishing a five odorant identification confusion matrix task in rats

Cited by 46 publications

References 12 publications

Integration of olfactory information in a spatial representation enabling accurate arm choice in the radial arm maze.

Integration of olfactory information in a spatial representation enabling accurate arm choice in the radial arm maze.

Predicting odorant quality perceptions from multidimensional scaling of olfactory bulb glomerular activity patterns.

Chemotopic odorant coding in a mammalian olfactory system

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