A method for polyaniline coatings on solid polystyrene surfaces and electroless copper deposition

Girginer, Burcu; Karagöz, Bünyamin; Ürgen, Mustafa; Bıçak, Niyazi

doi:10.1016/j.surfcoat.2008.03.005

Cited by 18 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Obviously, in the absence of other strong oxidants (with an oxidation potential higher than +1.05V), phenazine ring is oxidized with atmospheric oxygen whose oxidation potential is equal to +1.23 V; in addition, oxygen is soluble in water and is therefore accessible for the reactants. The formation of traces of polyaniline by the action of oxygen was reported in [59][60][61][62]. We believe that just atmospheric oxygen triggers the transition from oligomerization to polymerization, i.e., propagation of regular polyaniline chains, in the oxidation of aniline with weak oxidants.…”

Section: Polymerization Initiation Centermentioning

confidence: 66%

Oxidation of aniline with strong and weak oxidants

Sapurina

Stejskal

2012

Russ J Gen Chem

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Oxidative polymerization of aniline by the action of a strong oxidant, ammonium peroxodisulfate, and a weak oxidant, silver nitrate, was studied in media with different acidities. Depending on the reaction conditions, the organic fraction of the products contained either nonconducting aniline oligomers or conducting high-molecular polyaniline. The effect of the oxidation potential on the oxidation process and formation of supramolecular structures by oxidation products was discussed on the basis of analysis of the kinetics and products of aniline oxidation by spectroscopic, conductometric, thermogravimetric, chromatographic (gel permeation), and electron microscopic methods. A relation was revealed between the morphology of composite materials and their electric conductivity.Oxidation of aniline gives rise to numerous useful products such as drugs, dyes, explosives, and polymeric materials. Polyaniline (PANI) obtained by oxidative polymerization of aniline is among the most widely known representatives of conducting polymers. Polyaniline has found practical applications due to its redox and acid-base properties, high thermal stability, and electric conductivity. It is used in energy-saving devices and sensors, for electromagnetic shielding, and for the preparation of antistatic and conducting coatings; it also acts as corrosion inhibitor. Polyaniline possesses a high potential for use in medicine and heterogeneous catalysis [1].Polyaniline is synthesized by oxidation of aniline in aqueous or aqueous-organic medium. Polymerization of aniline is a chain process, i.e., monomer units are successively appended to a polymer chain bearing an active terminal group. Wei [2] considered aniline polymerization to be a specific reactivated chain process. Chain propagation involves repeated activation-deactivation acts which imply oxidation-reduction. Inactive polymer chain is activated by the action of oxidant, but the subsequent reaction with monomer leads to reversible reduction and deactivation. During the reduction process, polymer chain extends due to addition of monomeric unit, and two protons are released thereby.Oxidation of aniline in acid medium gives regular polymer chains containing more than 95% of parasubstituted units connected in a head-to-tail mode [3]. Regular structure determines polyconjugation and a unique set of properties intrinsic to polyaniline, in particular high electronic and proton conductivity, redox power, and paramagnetism [1]. Unlike other kinds of chain polymerization, e.g., radical polymerization where oxidant participates only in chain initiation, oxidative polymerization requires a large amount of oxidant [4] which is consumed for each act of addition of monomer unit. Therefore, molar concentration of oxidant should be comparable with the monomer concentration. Here, oxidant operates throughout the entire process until addition of the last monomer portion to polymer chain.Polymerization of aniline can be performed by electrochemical or chemical methods with the use of various oxidants. In ...

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Section: Polymerization Initiation Centermentioning

confidence: 66%

Oxidation of aniline with strong and weak oxidants

Sapurina

Stejskal

2012

Russ J Gen Chem

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“…The activation step consists of the application of an appropriate catalyst on the polymer surface for initiating the metal deposition. These activators are mainly the transition metals . The application processes for these activators on the polymer surfaces are various and sometimes need several steps .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new strategy to activate liquid crystal polymer samples for electroless copper deposition

Atli

Simon

Aires

et al. 2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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In order to activate the polymers for electroless copper deposition, an alternative way of sample preparation is demonstrated. The samples are prepared by incorporation of a small amount (<1 wt %) of palladium, nickel, or copper acetate into the molten Liquid Crystal Polymer (LCP) in a blender. Since the blending temperature is kept higher than the decomposition temperature of acetates, the acetates are thermally decomposed during blending, leading to the metallic Pd, Ni, or Cu which are used as activators for electroless deposition. After preparing the samples, electroless copper deposition is successfully realized. The influence of different acetates (Pd, Ni, or Cu acetates) on the deposition is investigated. The copper amount is higher and the deposition kinetics is faster on LCP samples with 0.15 wt % Pd and 0.4 wt % Ni than that with 0.4 wt % Cu. The deposited copper layers are uniform and oxide-free. Moreover, the possibility to substitute expensive Pd activator by cheaper Ni or Cu is shown.

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“…This step is necessary for creating the active sites on the polymer surfaces on which the redox reaction can held for electroless metal deposition. These activators are mainly transition metals 3,16–19 . Among them, palladium is a frequently utilized catalyst for activating the electroless metal plating process 20 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These activators are mainly transition metals. 3,[16][17][18][19] Among them, palladium is a frequently utilized catalyst for activating the electroless metal plating process. 20 However, the high cost of palladium forces its replacement with cheaper metals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A generalized sample preparation method by incorporation of metal–organic compounds into polymers for electroless metallization

Atli

Trouillet

Aires

et al. 2020

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Polymer metallization is important for several applications but triggering of electroless deposition is problematic. A simple and inexpensive method to prepare the polymers for initiating the electroless copper deposition is successfully applied to Liquid Crystal Polymer and Polyethylene Terephthalate. The samples are prepared by incorporation of a small amount (<0.5 wt%) of metal–organic compounds (palladium, nickel, or copper acetates) in the molten polymers. During blending, the polymers are held at sufficiently high temperatures to thermally decompose the acetates, yielding the metallic particles (Pd, Ni, or Cu) which are used as the activators. After surface preparation, copper is deposited on polymers in an electroless bath including formaldehyde as reducer. The influence of bath parameters (temperature, composition) and the nature of activators is investigated. This method can be extended to other polymers by finding an appropriate polymer/metal–organic couple. It is also demonstrated that cheaper Ni or Cu can substitute expensive Pd.

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A method for polyaniline coatings on solid polystyrene surfaces and electroless copper deposition

Cited by 18 publications

References 18 publications

Oxidation of aniline with strong and weak oxidants

Oxidation of aniline with strong and weak oxidants

A new strategy to activate liquid crystal polymer samples for electroless copper deposition

A generalized sample preparation method by incorporation of metal–organic compounds into polymers for electroless metallization

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