A Method for Studying Differences in Segregation Across Time and Space

Elbers, Benjamin

doi:10.31235/osf.io/ya7zs

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…We adopt a procedure first proposed by Karmel and Maclachlan (1988) and extended by Elbers (2020). This procedure is based on the insight that the odds ratios of the contingency table are the only measure of association that does not change when the margins are transformed.…”

Section: Studying Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010

Elbers¹,

Bol

DiPrete³

2020

Social Forces

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How do educational systems prepare workers for the labor market? Stratification research has often made a distinction between two ideal-types: “qualificational spaces,” exemplified by Germany with a focus on vocational education, and “organizational spaces,” exemplified by France with a focus on general education. However, most studies that investigated this distinction did so by focusing only on the size of the vocational sector, not on whether graduates with a vocational degree actually link strongly to the labor market. Moreover, they often studied male workers only, ignoring potential gender differences in how school-to-work linkages are established. In this paper, we map the change in education–occupation linkage in France and Germany between 1970 and 2010 using an approach that can distinguish between changes in rates and changes in the structure of school-to-work linkages. Surprisingly, we find that the German vocational system in 1970 was not, on average, substantially more efficient in allocating graduates to specific occupations than the French system. This finding is a major departure from earlier results, and it shows that the differences between 1970’s France and Germany, on which the qualificational-organizational distinction is based, are smaller than previously assumed. Partly, this is due to the fact that the female labor force was omitted from earlier analyses. We thus show that ignoring the female workforce has consequences for today’s conception of skill formation systems, particularly because a large share of educational expansion is caused by an increase in female enrollment in (higher) education.

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Section: Studying Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010

Elbers¹,

Bol

DiPrete³

2020

Social Forces

Self Cite

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“…We calculate Theil's Information Index (H) to measure both income and racial segregation using the segregation package in R (Elbers, 2021). The H index of income is based on the 16 categories of income provided by the census.…”

Section: Demographic Composition and Other Place-based Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Marlow¹,

Makovi²,

Abrahão³

2021

Preprint

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The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted Americans’ daily lives by changing how and when they move. These changes could alter inequalities in mobility and therefore contribute to many forms of social stratification. Relying on SafeGraph cellphone movement data in 2019-2020 we focus on the 25 largest cities in the U.S. and measure inequality in mobility between census tracts by using two indexes proposed by Phillips and colleagues (2019). These measures capture the importance of hubs in a mobility network (Concentrated Mobility Index) and neighborhood isolation (Equitable Mobility Index). We find that the pandemic affected mobility inequality in all 25 cities. In the earliest phases of the pandemic, neighborhood isolation rapidly increased, and the importance of downtown central business districts declined. Mobility hubs generally regained their importance, whereas neighborhood isolation remained elevated started and to increased again during the latter half of 2020. Furthermore, we estimate linear regression models with city and week fixed effects predicting changes in neighborhood isolation relative to 2019 baseline. We find that larger numbers of new COVID-19 cases are positively and statistically significantly associated with changes in neighborhood isolation a week later. Additionally, we find that places with larger populations, more public transportation use, and greater racial and ethnic segregation all had larger increases in neighborhood isolation during 2020. Our results indicate that few cities returned to “normal” mobility patterns and that cities may remain more unequal than before the pandemic.

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Why the Equal Pay Act and Laws Which Prohibit Salary Inquiries of Job Applicants Can Not Adequately Address Gender-Based Pay Inequity

Mello

2019

Sage Open

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Despite passage of the Equal Pay Act (EPA) more than a half-century ago, surveys consistently show that women still earn significantly less than men. One factor to which this has been attributed is the use of current salary as a basis for a new job offer. Such a practice, it has been argued, perpetuates the kinds of salary differentials the EPA attempted to eradicate. As a result, many municipalities have passed laws which prohibit inquiries as to an applicant’s current salary. This article explores the nature of such laws and their limitations and offers alternative strategies to close the pay gap between genders.

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A Method for Studying Differences in Segregation Across Time and Space

Cited by 3 publications

References 17 publications

Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010

Training Regimes and Skill Formation in France and Germany An Analysis of Change Between 1970 and 2010

Neighborhood Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Why the Equal Pay Act and Laws Which Prohibit Salary Inquiries of Job Applicants Can Not Adequately Address Gender-Based Pay Inequity

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