A method of assessing change in a single subject: An alteration of the RC index

Christensen, Larry; Mendoza, John E.

doi:10.1016/s0005-7894(86)80060-0

Cited by 482 publications

(358 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…His visual hypoemotionality was reflected by an increase in his Dissociative Experiences Scale-II total score (Carlson and Putnam, 1993), which rose from 20 at his pre-surgical assessment to 30 following his hemorrhage (Supplementary Table S1). This rise was significant according to the Reliable Change Index, a calculation that uses test-retest reliability and the standard deviation of the population sample to determine if a change exceeds expected random variability (Christensen and Mendoza, 1986). The quantitative rise in his Dissociative Experiences Scale-II total score, which was driven largely by an increase in the depersonalization/derealization factor from 20 to 54, suggests that his derealization was attributable to his injury and not to a pre-morbid condition.…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration

Fischer

Perez

Prasad³

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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The mechanism by which the brain integrates visual and emotional information remains incompletely understood, and can be studied through focal lesions that selectively disrupt this process. To date, three reported cases of visual hypoemotionality, a vision-specific form of derealization, have resulted from lesions of the temporo-occipital junction. We present a fourth case of this rare phenomenon, and investigate the role of the inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF) in the underlying pathophysiology. A 50-year-old right-handed male was found to have a right medial temporal lobe tumor following new-onset seizures. Interstitial laser ablation of the lesion was complicated by a right temporo-parieto-occipital intraparenchymal hemorrhage. The patient subsequently experienced emotional estrangement from visual stimuli. A lesion overlap analysis was conducted to assess involvement of the ILF by this patient's lesion and those of the three previously described cases, and diffusion tensor imaging was acquired in our case to further investigate ILF disruption. All four lesions specifically overlapped with the expected trajectory of the right ILF, and diminished structural integrity of the right ILF was observed in our case. These findings implicate the ILF in visual hypoemotionality, suggesting that the ILF is critical for integrating visual information with its emotional content.

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Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration

Fischer

Perez

Prasad³

et al. 2016

Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience

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“…Individual-level change We examined changes in individuals' self-efficacy using a reliable change index (RCI; Christensen and Mendoza 1986;Jacobson and Truax 1991), which was developed to enable researchers who observe variability in a construct over multiple observations to distinguish between instances where variability can be attributed to imperfect measurement by an instrument and reliable change representing actual changes in a construct between observations. To make this distinction, differences in scores are examined in contrast to the standard error of the difference score (i.e., the spread of the distribution of change scores to be expected if no change occurred).…”

Section: Mean-level Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Examining self-efficacy during learning: variability and relations to behavior, performance, and learning

Bernacki

Nokes‐Malach

Aleven

2014

Metacognition Learning

124

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Self-regulated learning (SRL) theorists propose that learners' motivations and cognitive and metacognitive processes interact dynamically during learning, yet researchers typically measure motivational constructs as stable factors. In this study, self-efficacy was assessed frequently to observe its variability during learning and how learners' efficacy related to their problem-solving performance and behavior. Students responded to self-efficacy prompts after every fourth problem of an algebra unit completed in an intelligent tutoring system. The software logged students' problem-solving behaviors and performance. The results of stability and change, path, and correlational analyses indicate that learners' feelings of efficacy varied reliably over the learning task. Their prior performance (i.e., accuracy) predicted subsequent self-efficacy judgments, but this relationship diminished over time as judgments were decreasingly informed by accuracy and increasingly informed by fluency. Controlling for prior achievement and self-efficacy, increases in efficacy during one problemsolving period predicted help-seeking behavior, performance, and learning in the next period. Findings suggest that self-efficacy varies during learning, that students consider multiple aspects of performance to inform their efficacy judgments, and that changes in efficacy influence self-regulated learning processes and outcomes.

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“…Furthermore, although evaluating group-level changes is useful in determining the efficacy of treatment as a whole, evaluating treatment completers as a single cohort may attenuate or mask significant effects among those who do, or do not, receive benefit from treatment. To determine whether treatment is statistically significant for any particular treatment completer, clinicians must adopt an individual-centric methodology such as the reliable change index (RCI) (Barnett, Wakeling, Mandeville-Norden, & Rakestrow, 2013;Christensen & Mendoza, 1986) or measures of Clinically Significant Change (CSC) (Jacobson, Follette, & Revenstorf, 1986). Few violent offender treatment effectiveness studies have investigated this area and as yet (1) there is a lack of reliable and consistent findings linking within-treatment change with decreased recidivism and (2) no methodology has been proposed for integrating the results (as they pertain to clinically significant and reliable change) when multiple psychological tests like the battery used here, which produced divergent results, are used.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of an intensive inpatient violent offender treatment programme on intermediary treatment targets, violence risk and aggressive behaviour in a sample of mentally disordered offenders

Daffern

Simpson

Ainslie

et al. 2017

The Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology

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This study examined the impact of an intensive inpatient violent offender treatment programme, Life Minus Violence -Enhanced (LMV-E, Ireland, 2008), on intermediary treatment targets, risk for violence, and aggressive behaviour during treatment in a sample of male mentally disordered offenders. Using quasi-experimental design, offenders who completed LMV-E and a comparison group showed reduced problems with impulsivity and anger regulation and improvements in social problem solving.Aggregate risk for future violence lessened in both treatment and comparison groups, although by a significantly greater degree for the comparison group. The aggressive behaviour of both groups reduced. Completion of the LMV-E conferred additional improvements in some facets of social problem solving and anger regulation. Neither group showed improvements in empathic responses, coping skills or problematic interpersonal style. Overall, these results suggest anger regulation, impulsivity and social problem solving are most amenable to change, that reductions in certain facets of these dynamic risk factors transpires with nonspecific psychiatric inpatient treatment, but that the LMV-E, a cognitive behavioural violence specific psychological treatment, confers greater change in some facets of social problem solving and anger regulation.

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A method of assessing change in a single subject: An alteration of the RC index

Cited by 482 publications

References 2 publications

Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration

Right inferior longitudinal fasciculus lesions disrupt visual-emotional integration

Examining self-efficacy during learning: variability and relations to behavior, performance, and learning

The impact of an intensive inpatient violent offender treatment programme on intermediary treatment targets, violence risk and aggressive behaviour in a sample of mentally disordered offenders

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