A method of bite force measurement in primates

Dechow, Paul C.; Carlson, David S.

doi:10.1016/0021-9290(83)90003-9

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The basic design of the small transducer is a double-cantilever beam made of stainless steel plates to superficially resemble a tuning fork (see Dechow and Carlson, 1983). Uniaxial foil strain gauges were mounted on the top and bottom surface of each beam (TML Tokyo Sokki Kendyujo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan, FLA-3-11-3L) and wired in a full-bridge configuration such that the voltage output was proportional to the compressive force applied to the beams during biting (Fig.…”

Section: Force Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual and seasonal survival of adult female Mottled Ducks in southern Florida, USA

Varner¹,

Hepp²,

Bielefeld³

2014

The Condor

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Section: Force Transducersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Annual and seasonal survival of adult female Mottled Ducks in southern Florida, USA

Varner¹,

Hepp²,

Bielefeld³

2014

The Condor

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“…Of interest, especially in cranial muscles, are the fine movements and motor control in performance of highly specialized tasks. In jaw-closing muscles, bite force transducers are used to determine muscle activity as it is translated into force produced at the occlusal surfaces of teeth [Dechow and Carlson, 1983]. Working under the constraint of biopsy samples, it is still possible to directly assess muscle cell performance using fiber bundle [Zuurbier et al, 1995] and single fiber [Edman, 1979] preparations.…”

Section: Single Fiber Physiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Specialized Cranial Muscles: How Different Are They from Limb and Abdominal Muscles?

Sciote¹,

Horton²,

Rowlerson³

et al. 2003

Cells Tissues Organs

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Mammalian skeletal muscle fibers can be classified into functional types by the heavy chain (MyHC) and light chain (MyLC) isoforms of myosin (the primary motor protein) that they contain. Most human skeletal muscle contains fiber types and myosin isoforms I, IIA and IIX. Some highly specialized muscle fibers in human extraocular and jaw-closing muscles express either novel myosins or unusual combinations of isoforms of unknown functional significance. Extrinsic laryngeal muscles may express the extraocular MyHC isoform for rapid contraction and a tonic MyHC isoform for slow tonic contractions. In jaw-closing muscles, fiber phenotypes and myosin expression have been characterized as highly unusual. The jaw-closing muscles of most carnivores and primates have tissue-specific expression of the type IIM or ‘type II masticatory’ MyHC. Human jaw-closing muscles, however, do not contain IIM myosin. Rather, they express myosins typical of developing or cardiac muscle in addition to type I, IIA and IIX myosins, and many of their fibers are hybrids, expressing two or more isoforms. Fiber morphology is also unusual in that the type II fibers are mostly of smaller diameter than type I. By combining physiological and biochemical techniques it is possible to determine the maximum velocity of unloaded shortening (V_o) of an individual skeletal muscle fiber and subsequently determine the type and amount of myosin isoform. When analyzed, some laryngeal fibers shorten at much faster rates than type II fibers from limb and abdominal muscle. Yet some type I fibers in masseter show an opposite trend towards speeds 10-fold slower than type I fibers of limb muscle. These unusual shortening velocities are most probably regulated by MyHC isoforms in laryngeal fibers and by MyLC isoforms in masseter. For the jaw-closing muscles, this finding represents the first case in human muscle of physiological regulation of kinetics by light chains. Together, these results demonstrate that, compared to other skeletal muscles, cranial muscles have a wider repertoire of contractile protein expression and function. Molecular techniques for reverse transcription of mRNA and amplification by polymerase chain reaction have been applied to typing of single fibers isolated from limb muscles, successfully identifying pure type I, IIA and IIX and hybrid type I/IIA and IIA/IIX fibers. This demonstrates the potential for future studies of the regulation of gene expression in jaw-closing and laryngeal muscles, which have such a variety of complex fiber types fitting them for their roles in vivo.

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“…Carraway et al, 1996;Dumont, 1997;Emerson and Radinsky, 1980;Freeman, 1981;Kiltie, 1982;Perez-Barberia and Gordon, 1999;Reduker, 1983;Sicuro and Oliveira, 2002;Stafford and Szalay, 2000), there are surprisingly few experimental data documenting bite force in non-human mammals. Data summarizing maximum bite forces elicited using electrical stimulation are available for macaques, opossums, and rats (Dechow and Carlson, 1983;Robins, 1977;Thomason et al, 1989). Natural, non-stimulated bite forces have been recorded at single (or combined) bite points in possums, hyenas, ferrets and bats (Aguirre et al, 2002;Binder and Van Valkenburgh, 2000;Dessem and Druzinsky, 1992;Thomason et al, 1989).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of gape angle and bite point on bite force in bats

Dumont

Herrel

2003

Journal of Experimental Biology

169

186

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Models of the mammalian masticatory apparatus predict that bite force is affected by both the degree of mouth opening (gape angle) and the location along the tooth row at which force is transferred (bite point). Theoretical analyses of gape angle and empirical studies of muscle function suggest that there is a trade-off between mechanical advantage and gape (Herring and Herring, 1974;Lindauer et al., 1993;Turkawski and van Eijden, 2001). For generalized mammals, larger gape angles require muscles to stretch and are predicted to negatively impact the geometry of their mechanical advantage. Among more specialized taxa, alterations in the geometry of muscle insertions and internal architecture over evolutionary time have resulted in species that can produce high bite forces at high gape angles (carnivores) and other species that are wellsuited to producing high bite forces at low gape angles (herbivores). With respect to bite point, models of the lower jaw as a simple class III lever or beam (e.g. Hylander, 1975;Radinsky, 1981;Weishampel, 1993) and constrained lever models that focus on protecting the temporomandibular joint from tensile loading (e.g. Greaves, 1978;Spencer, 1999) predict that bite forces increase at progressively posterior bite points. Constrained lever models further predict that bite forces level off and may decline posterior to an optimal bite point located at or near the first molar.Despite the widespread use of these models and predictions in discussions of mammalian feeding (e.g. Carraway et al., 1996;Dumont, 1997;Emerson and Radinsky, 1980;Freeman, 1981;Kiltie, 1982;Perez-Barberia and Gordon, 1999;Reduker, 1983;Sicuro and Oliveira, 2002;Stafford and Szalay, 2000), there are surprisingly few experimental data documenting bite force in non-human mammals. Data summarizing maximum bite forces elicited using electrical stimulation are available for macaques, opossums, and rats (Dechow and Carlson, 1983;Robins, 1977;Thomason et al., 1989). Natural, non-stimulated bite forces have been recorded at single (or combined) bite points in possums, hyenas, ferrets and bats (Aguirre et al., 2002;Binder and Van Valkenburgh, 2000;Dessem and Druzinsky, 1992;Thomason et al., 1989). Variation in non-stimulated bite force has been reported only for galagos and macaques (Hylander, 1977(Hylander, , 1979, in which there is a positive relationship between bite force and increasingly posterior bite point.Humans are the only mammals in which the combined effects of gape and bite point on non-stimulated bite force production have been studied in any detail. Even so, the integrated effects of bite point and gape angle on force production remain unclear (Spencer, 1999). Among experiments in which gape and bite point are altered Models of mammalian mastication predict that bite force is affected by both the degree of mouth opening (gape angle) and the point along the tooth row at which force is transferred to a food item (bite point). Despite the widespread use of these models in comparative analyses, experimental data do...

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A method of bite force measurement in primates

Cited by 58 publications

References 34 publications

Annual and seasonal survival of adult female Mottled Ducks in southern Florida, USA

Annual and seasonal survival of adult female Mottled Ducks in southern Florida, USA

Specialized Cranial Muscles: How Different Are They from Limb and Abdominal Muscles?

The effects of gape angle and bite point on bite force in bats

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