A Method of Evaluating Distribution Systems.

Surface-state bands on silicon as electron systems in reduced dimensions at atomic scales

“…Protrusions in the empty-state image, corresponding to the centres of the Ag triangles, are arranged in a honeycomb-lattice pattern in figure 2(b). This surface is now regarded as a prototypical metalcovered semiconductor system, used as a kind of standard example for, e.g., high-resolution photoemission spectroscopy (PES) [11], atomic-force microscopy [12][13][14], x-ray diffraction for buried-interface structure analysis [15,16], studying Schottky barrier formation [17], optical second-harmonic generation spectroscopy [18], light-emission spectroscopy using STM [19], studying sheet plasmons in a surface-state band [20], and first-principles theory [9,10,[21][22][23], and also used as a unique substrate for growth of C 60 molecular layers [24][25][26][27], adatom gas phases [28], and other surface superstructures by additional metal depositions [29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and hydrogen adsorptions [37]. However, it has recently turned out that the HCT structure is not a ground-state structure; a symmetry-broken phase, the so-called inequivalent-triangle (IET) structure, is more energetically favourable than the HCT structure [21,38].…”