A Methodology for Choosing Time Synchronization Strategies for Wireless IoT Networks

Tirado-Andrés, Francisco; Rozas, Alba; Araújo, Álvaro

doi:10.3390/s19163476

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In this paper, as the clock update period is assumed to be sufficiently small, it is reasonable to consider that the value of the clock state increment within (packet exchange or processing) delay durations (which is in the state dimension) is equal to the value of (packet exchange or processing) delays (which is in the temporal dimension) 2 . In addition, the nonidentical clock possesses a different clock frequency; thus, the extra offset value δ, which is dependent on the length of packet exchange and processing delays, also contributes to the clock offset of the state dimension.…”

Section: B Stability Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proportional–Integral Synchronization for Nonidentical Wireless Packet-Coupled Oscillators With Delays

Zong

Dai

2021

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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Precise timing among wireless sensor nodes is a key enabling technology for time-sensitive industrial Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, the accuracy of timing is degraded by manufacturing tolerance, ageing of crystal oscillators, and communication delays. This paper develops a framework of Packet-Coupled Oscillators (PkCOs) to characterise the dynamics of communication and time synchronisation of clocks in WSNs. The nonidentical clock is derived to describe the embedded clock's behaviour accurately. A Proportional-Integral (PI) packet coupling scheme is proposed for synchronising networked embedded clocks, while, scheduling wireless Sync packets to different slots for transmission. It also possesses the feature of automatically eliminating the effects of unknown processing delay, which further improves the synchronisation performance. The rigorous theoretical analysis of PI-based PkCOs is presented via studying a closed-loop time synchronisation system. The performance of PI-based PkCOs is evaluated on a hardware testbed of IEEE 802.15.4 WSN. The experimental results show that the precision of the proportional-integral PkCOs protocol is as high as 60µs (i.e. 2 ticks) for 32.768kHz crystal oscillator-based clocks. Index Terms-Time synchronisation, packet-coupled oscillators, wireless sensor networks. I. INTRODUCTIONN Owadays, with the ever-growing developments in microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) technology, wireless communication and digital electronics, the manufacturing of low-cost and low-power tiny sensor nodes becomes feasible. These sensor nodes are usually deployed in an area to form a network, which is called the Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), in order to monitor and collect environmental information, and realise different applications. In WSNs, thanks to its tradeoff between high-quality signal accuracy and cost, the crystal oscillator is widely chosen as the clock source [1]. However, it fails to produce the same frequency, owing to internal factors (e.g. manufacturing tolerance [2]) and external environmental conditions, such as temperature [3] and supply voltage, and a common sense of timing does not exist in the network without a management protocol. As a result, a Time Synchronisation Manuscript

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Section: B Stability Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…is the clock offset after/before it is corrected at the time t k + κ i . u t k +κi i is the correction input, 2 An example of the packet exchange delay is shown in Fig. 1.…”

Section: B Stability Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Proportional–Integral Synchronization for Nonidentical Wireless Packet-Coupled Oscillators With Delays

Zong

Dai

2021

IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.

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“…They include Gradient Time Synchronization Protocol (GTSP) proposed by P. Sommer et al [14] and Average TimeSynch (ATS) described by L. Schenato et al [15]. F. Tirado-Andrés et al [16] present a methodology and a tool to choose an adequate time-synchronization strategy for wireless IoT end devices. L. Tavares Bruscato et al [17] proposed low-energy algorithms to converge the clocks of wireless sensor nodes quickly.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

CoSiWiNeT: A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Wide Area IIoT Network

Gore¹,

Lisova²,

Åkerberg³

et al. 2021

Applied Sciences

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Recent advances in the industrial internet of things (IIoT) and cyber–physical systems drive Industry 4.0 and have led to remote monitoring and control applications that require factories to be connected to remote sites over wide area networks (WAN). The adequate performance of remote applications depends on the use of a clock synchronization scheme. Packet delay variations adversely impact the clock synchronization performance. This impact is significant in WAN as it comprises wired and wireless segments belonging to public and private networks, and such heterogeneity results in inconsistent delays. Highly accurate, hardware–based time synchronization solutions, global positioning system (GPS), and precision time protocol (PTP) are not preferred in WAN due to cost, environmental effects, hardware failure modes, and reliability issues. As a software–based network time protocol (NTP) overcomes these challenges but lacks accuracy, the authors propose a software–based clock synchronization method, called CoSiWiNeT, based on the random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm that uses an iterative technique to estimate a correct offset from observed noisy data. To evaluate the algorithm’s performance, measurements captured in a WAN deployed within two cities were used in the simulation. The results show that the performance of the new algorithm matches well with NTP and state–of–the–art methods in good network conditions; however, it outperforms them in degrading network scenarios.

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“…In this work, we consider a particular class of distributed real-time systems consisting of multiple components with (almost) synchronous clocks, yet without shared memory, a shared clock, or a global scheduler. Prominent examples of such systems are distributed data acquisition systems such as data aggregation in satellite constellations [16,18], the wireless fire alarm system [15], IoT sensors [30], or distributed database systems (e.g. [12]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Implementable Timed Automata

Feo-Arenis¹,

Vujinović²,

Westphal³

2020

Formal Techniques for Distributed Objects, Components, and Systems

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Generating code from networks of timed automata is a wellresearched topic with many proposed approaches, which have in common that they not only generate code for the processes in the network, but necessarily generate additional code for a global scheduler which implements the timed automata semantics. For distributed systems without shared memory, this additional component is, in general, undesired.In this work, we present a new approach to the generation of correct code (without global scheduler) for distributed systems without shared memory yet with (almost) synchronous clocks if the source model does not depend on a global scheduler. We characterise a set of implementable timed automata models and provide a translation to a timed while language. We show that each computation of the generated program has a network computation path with the same observable behaviour.

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A Methodology for Choosing Time Synchronization Strategies for Wireless IoT Networks

Cited by 18 publications

References 29 publications

Proportional–Integral Synchronization for Nonidentical Wireless Packet-Coupled Oscillators With Delays

Proportional–Integral Synchronization for Nonidentical Wireless Packet-Coupled Oscillators With Delays

CoSiWiNeT: A Clock Synchronization Algorithm for Wide Area IIoT Network

On Implementable Timed Automata

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