A methodology for experimental evaluation of signal detection methods in spectrum sensing

Solc, Tomaz; Mohorčič, Mihael; Fortuna, Carolina

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199550

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…All instruments were turned on for 2 hours beforehand to reach thermal equilibrium as postulated in [32]. To verify the prepared measurement setup, the Rohde&Schwarz FSV Signal Analyzer was connected instead of the SDR to determine the real power at the signal entry point.…”

Section: A Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardware-Accelerated Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer With a Broadband Fast Sweep Feature Based on the Cost-Effective SDR Platform

Flak

2022

IEEE Access

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Radio Frequency (RF) spectrum monitoring and broadband signal analysis have multiple application areas, especially in the era of a constantly growing number of wireless devices. One of the essential challenges for a spectrum sensor is to achieve an adequate measurement rate over a wide bandwidth to detect signals of short duration so that a low latency response can be provided. In procedures that require field measurements, and some compromise in accuracy is acceptable, low-cost Software Defined Radio (SDR) devices can be used instead of expensive and bulky professional spectrum analyzers. This paper introduces a real-time swept spectrum sensor based on LimeSDR-USB with custom embedded Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) firmware, designed to outperform similar software implementations. The Welch's spectral density estimation is implemented in hardware to minimise the USB transfer rate and offload the host PC signal processing. Furthermore, the frequency tuning state machine and cache calibration memory are also managed by the FPGA to reduce the blind time during broadband sweep. The performance of the proposed solution indicates up to 96 MHz of real-time bandwidth along with a capability of less than millisecond cumulative sweep time per gigahertz. The characteristics of various design elements are investigated and refined during simulation and laboratory measurements, whereas the final prototype implementation is verified in real-world scenarios. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed device as a sensor for propagation studies, multiband spectrum utilisation monitoring, and spectral white spaces detection.INDEX TERMS Electromagnetic analysis, field programmable gate array, radio frequency, software defined radio, surveillance.

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Section: A Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hardware-Accelerated Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer With a Broadband Fast Sweep Feature Based on the Cost-Effective SDR Platform

Flak

2022

IEEE Access

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“…Both receivers were connected by USB cable to the PC and controlled by original software provided by the manufacturers. All instruments were turned on for 2 hours beforehand to reach thermal equilibrium as suggested in [51]. To verify the prepared measurement setup, the Ro-hde&Schwarz FSV Signal Analyzer was connected instead of SDRs to determine the real power at the signal entry point.…”

Section: A Laboratory Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drone Detection Sensor With Continuous 2.4 GHz ISM Band Coverage Based on Cost-Effective SDR Platform

Flak

2021

IEEE Access

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The development of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, has introduced revolutionary changes in many areas over the past few years. However, aside from opening new possibilities, the usage of drones in an irresponsible and dangerous manner leads to many hazardous incidents. This paper presents a drone detection sensor with a continuous 2.400 GHz-2.483 GHz operational frequency range for detection methods based on passive radio frequency imaging techniques. The implementation based on Software Defined Radio (SDR) and Field Programmable Logic Array (FPGA) hardware that overcomes the 40 MHz real-time bandwidth limit of other popular SDRs is presented utilizing low-cost off-the-shelf components. Furthermore, hardware realization of the signal processing chain for specific detection algorithms is proposed to minimize the throughput between SDR and the companion computer and offload software computations. The device validation is made in a laboratory and real-life scenario and presented in relation to the sensor used in other works. The measurements indicate some detection sensitivity reduction compared to the reference receiver, consistent with hardware specifications. The final analysis demonstrates the proposed device's relevance as a sensor for obtaining machine learning datasets and as a part of a final anti-drone system.

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“…By addressing the lack of a common approach for evaluating signal detection methods in spectrum sensing, [24] proposes a seven-step methodology (from detection method identification to result analysis) to evaluate these methods quantitatively in simulation or practical experiments. The methodology is applied to an experimental performance evaluation with nine signal detection methods, and metrics such as complexity, noise level sensitivity, and minimal detectable signal are analyzed.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Conformance Testing Methodology and System for Cognitive Radios

Silva

Balieiro

Mendoça

et al. 2021

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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The fifth generation (5G) of mobile networks has started its operation in some countries and is aimed at meeting demands beyond the current system capabilities such as the huge amount of connected devices from IoT applications (e.g., smart cities), explosive growth of high-speed mobile data traffic (e.g., ultrahigh definition video streaming), and ultrareliable and low latency communication (e.g., autonomous vehicle). To attend to these needs, the electromagnetic spectrum must be made available, but the static spectrum allocation policy has caused a spectrum shortage and impaired the employment/expansion of the wireless systems. To overcome this issue, the dynamic spectrum access (DSA) has been promoted in 5G/6G networks, which is enabled by the cognitive radio (CR) technology. Although diverse mechanisms have been developed to tackle the challenges that emerge in different CR layers/functionalities, a standardized testing methodology and system for CR is still immature. Existing standards or methodologies and systems for CR only focus on the definition of network technologies (e.g., IEEE 802.22 and IEEE 802.11af), performance evaluation of CR algorithms/mechanisms, or definition of the device cognition level via performance results or psychometric approaches, not covering systems/methodologies to verify if the device meets the CR capabilities and regulatory policies, neglecting the conformance testing. In this respect, this paper proposes a flexible methodology and system for CR conformance testing under two perspectives, functionalities and limits. We instantiate it by using the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) software-defined radio platform and present a proof-of-concept with a conformance metric. The results show the feasibility of our proposal.

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A methodology for experimental evaluation of signal detection methods in spectrum sensing

Cited by 9 publications

References 28 publications

Hardware-Accelerated Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer With a Broadband Fast Sweep Feature Based on the Cost-Effective SDR Platform

Hardware-Accelerated Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer With a Broadband Fast Sweep Feature Based on the Cost-Effective SDR Platform

Drone Detection Sensor With Continuous 2.4 GHz ISM Band Coverage Based on Cost-Effective SDR Platform

A Conformance Testing Methodology and System for Cognitive Radios

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