A methodology for optimal placement of sensors in enclosed environments: A dynamical systems approach

Fontanini, Anthony D.; Vaidya, Umesh; Ganapathysubramanian, Baskar

doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2016.02.003

Cited by 56 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The application of the proposed framework on a realistic building system model incorporating all the necessary physics and dynamics is currently being pursued [8,9]. The vector field that we use for the purpose of simulation is the average velocity field obtained from a detailed finite element-based simulation of Navier-Stokes equation.…”

Section: Placement Of Sensors In Building Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of sensors and actuators for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

Sinha

Vaidya

Rajaram

2016

Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

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In this paper, we present a novel operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of actuators and sensors in nonlinear systems. The problem is motivated by its application to control of nonequilibrium dynamics in the form of temperature in building systems and control of oil spill in oceanographic flow. The controlled evolution of a passive scalar field, modeling the temperature distribution or density of oil dispersant, is governed by a linear advection partial differential equation (PDE) with spatially located actuators and sensors. Spatial locations of actuators and sensors are optimized to maximize the controllability and observability regions of the linear advection PDE. Linear transfer Perron-Frobenius and Koopman operators, associated with the advective velocity field, are used to provide an analytical characterization for the controllable and observable spaces of the advection PDE. Set-oriented numerical methods are proposed for the finite dimensional approximation of the linear transfer operators. The finite dimensional approximation is shown to introduce weaker notion of controllability and observability, referred to as coarse controllability and observability. The finite dimensional approximation is used to formulate the optimization problem for the optimal placement of sensors and actuators. The optimal placement problem is a combinatorial optimization problem. However, the positivity property of the linear transfer operator is exploited to provide an exact solution to the optimal placement problem using greedy algorithm. Application of the framework is demonstrated for the placement of sensors in a building system for the detection of contaminants and for optimal release of dispersant location for control of contaminant in a Double Gyre velocity field. Simulation results reveal interesting connections between the optimal location of actuators and sensors, maximizing the controllability and observability regions respectively, and the coherent structures in the fluid flow.

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Section: Placement Of Sensors In Building Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of sensors and actuators for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

Sinha

Vaidya

Rajaram

2016

Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications

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“…Suppose a contaminant is released in the domain, the aim is to find the sensor locations in Ω that will optimally detect the contaminant release, within the response time of sensors. The sensor placement problem can Figure 1: For the given velocity field (a)-(b)Shows the contaminant transport using the scalar transport advection diffusion equation-1(c)-(d) Shows the discrete PF-operator based scalar transport [26] . be posed in a few different ways, depending on what constraints are important to respect.…”

Section: Problem Definitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The velocity flow field, U , can be steady or can be a function of time. Eq.1 can be thought of as an operator (acting on the field Φ) transporting contaminant from time t to t + δt [24,26,35]. This operator is called the Perron-Frobenius (PF) operator L(·) Eq.…”

Section: Contaminant Transport and Construction Of The Pf Operatormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al [24,25] showed the construction and usage of the discrete PF operator for fast computation of contaminant transport in the built environment. They then used the PF operator to identify optimal sensor locations under deterministic flow scenarios [26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the present work we extend the dynamical systems based approach developed by Fontanini et.al [26,32] to account for various building uncertainties while performing sensor placements. We specifically focus on uncertainties associated with environmental effects as they have been shown to significantly affect the flow dynamics within the built environment 1 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A transfer operator methodology for optimal sensor placement accounting for uncertainty

Sharma

Vaidya

Ganapathysubramanian

2019

Building and Environment

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Sensors in buildings are used for a wide variety of applications such as monitoring air quality, contaminants, indoor temperature, and relative humidity. These are used for accessing and ensuring indoor air quality, and also for ensuring safety in the event of chemical and biological attacks. It follows that optimal placement of sensors become important to accurately monitor contaminant levels in the indoor environment. However, contaminant transport inside the indoor environment is governed by the indoor flow conditions which are affected by various uncertainties associated with the building systems including occupancy and boundary fluxes. Therefore, it is important to account for all associated uncertainties while designing the sensor layout. The transfer operator based framework provides an effective way to identify optimal placement of sensors. Previous work has been limited to sensor placements under deterministic scenarios. In this work we extend the transfer operator based approach for optimal sensor placement while accounting for building systems uncertainties. The methodology provides a probabilistic metric to gauge coverage under uncertain conditions. We illustrate the capabilities of the framework with examples exhibiting boundary flux uncertainty.

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A Fully Integrated Flexible Heterogeneous Temperature and Humidity Sensor‐Based Occupancy Detection Device for Smart Office Applications

Naqi

Lee

Kwon

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

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the world's energy. [1,2] Considering the energy efficiency impact of an indoor set-point temperature, 1.5% of the total energy consumption for HVAC per 1° of Fahrenheit change, [3,4] a significant energy conservation opportunity exists. Designing and operating HVAC systems in an energy-efficient manner to meet low-energy targets are therefore essential. [5] Several studies have suggested that significant energy savings can be achieved by using feedback from sensorbased occupancy detection when operating HVAC systems. [6][7][8][9] These studies demonstrate a significant theoretical energy-saving potential, i.e., when perfect occupancy detection and predictions are assumed. However, the accuracy of occupancy detection and predictions significantly affects the theoretical energysaving potential. [10] This issue calls for the development of reliable yet simple and inexpensive real-time occupancy detection approaches to include occupancy information when optimizing real-time HVAC operation. In recent years, various types of occupancy detection methods have been developed using tools such as passive infrared sensors, [11] cameras, [12] wireless sensor networks, [13] radio frequency identification sensors, [14,15] and CO 2 sensors, [16][17][18] among Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems in building operations have extensively gained significant interest in recent years for providing a comfortable environment and energy savings by utilizing the occupancy information of buildings. Herein, a flexible heterogeneous temperature and humidity sensor-based occupancy detection device with an integrated wireless communication system is introduced. The multichannel (threechannel) Pt-based temperature and single-channel humidity sensors afford excellent electrical conductivity, exceptional linearity, and high mechanical flexibility. The presented occupancy detection device design contains a multichannel temperature sensor, an interdigitated humidity sensor, a customized signal processing integrated circuit, a flexible battery, and a wireless communication system, which can be used to perform occupancy trials in offices. The proposed occupancy detection device is mounted on an office chair to analyze the environmental changes according to the user's activities and to address the challenge of long-term continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity for managing the energy consumption in the building operations. The presented occupancy detection device provides a new platform for introducing a flexible device system to collect the actual occupancy information and is a new step toward "smart office" applications.

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A methodology for optimal placement of sensors in enclosed environments: A dynamical systems approach

Cited by 56 publications

References 40 publications

Operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of sensors and actuators for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

Operator theoretic framework for optimal placement of sensors and actuators for control of nonequilibrium dynamics

A transfer operator methodology for optimal sensor placement accounting for uncertainty

A Fully Integrated Flexible Heterogeneous Temperature and Humidity Sensor‐Based Occupancy Detection Device for Smart Office Applications

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