A microarray‐based analysis of transcriptional compartmentalization in the alimentary canal of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

Neira, Marco; VanEkeris, Leslie; CORENA-Mcleod, María; Linser, Paul J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2008.00779.x

Cited by 54 publications

(43 citation statements)

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“…When VectorBase (www.vectorbase.org) expression maps are searched for Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti NOX4-art genes (AGAP003772 and AAEL010179, respectively), we find differential expression during embryonic development [62, 63] and between tissues [64, 65] and increased expression after a blood meal [66, 67]. In Aedes aegypti , infection with Micrococcus luteus or Wolbachia (wMel strain) also increases NOX4-art expression [68, 69].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase

et al. 2017

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BackgroundNADPH oxidases (NOX) are ROS producing enzymes that perform essential roles in cell physiology, including cell signaling and antimicrobial defense. This gene family is present in most eukaryotes, suggesting a common ancestor. To date, only a limited number of phylogenetic studies of metazoan NOXes have been performed, with few arthropod genes. In arthropods, only NOX5 and DUOX genes have been found and a gene called NOXm was found in mosquitoes but its origin and function has not been examined. In this study, we analyzed the evolution of this gene family in arthropods. A thorough search of genomes and transcriptomes was performed enabling us to browse most branches of arthropod phylogeny.ResultsWe have found that the subfamilies NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod groups. We also show that a NOX gene, closely related to NOX4 and previously found only in mosquitoes (NOXm), can also be found in other taxonomic groups, leading us to rename it as NOX4-art. Although the accessory protein p22-phox, essential for NOX1-4 activation, was not found in any of the arthropods studied, NOX4-art of Aedes aegypti encodes an active protein that produces H2O2. Although NOX4-art has been lost in a number of arthropod lineages, it has all the domains and many signature residues and motifs necessary for ROS production and, when silenced, H2O2 production is considerably diminished in A. aegypti cells.ConclusionsCombining all bioinformatic analyses and laboratory work we have reached interesting conclusions regarding arthropod NOX gene family evolution. NOX5 and DUOX are present in all arthropod lineages but it seems that a NOX2-like gene was lost in the ancestral lineage leading to Ecdysozoa. The NOX4-art gene originated from a NOX4-like ancestor and is functional. Although no p22-phox was observed in arthropods, there was no evidence of neo-functionalization and this gene probably produces H2O2 as in other metazoan NOX4 genes. Although functional and present in the genomes of many species, NOX4-art was lost in a number of arthropod lineages.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0940-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase

et al. 2017

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“…Recently, a microarray assay identified the expression of three Croquemort transcripts in the midguts of fourth-instar A. gambiae larvae. In this study, the Croquemort SCRBQ2 transcript was found to be enriched in the gastric caeca and in the hindgut/Malpighian tubules versus its expression in whole larvae (Neira Oviedo et al, 2008). Changes in Croquemort SCRBQ2 mRNA abundance have also been described in the midguts of female A. gambiae mosquitoes upon Plasmodium berghei ookinete invasion (Dong et al, 2006), but the role, if any, of this molecule during parasite infection remains unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…SCRBQ1 and SCRBQ4 expression was slightly up-regulated in late larval stages, while SCRBQ3 transcript was present mainly in third instar larvae and its expression in other developmental stages was more restricted, in contrast to the other Croquemort transcripts. Recently, data obtained from a microarray assay also identified the expression of Croquemort transcripts SCRBQ1, SCRBQ2, and SCRBQ3 in the midguts of fourth-instar A. gambiae larvae, however, Croquemort transcript SCRBQ4 was not detected in these assays (Neira Oviedo et al, 2008). We detected the presence of all four Croquemort transcripts in fourth-instar larvae, although we did not perform dissections of individual organs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is an interesting possibility since transcript SCRBQ1 is expressed in the anterior midgut, the only region in which transcripts involved in lipoprotein transport have been identified. Transcripts SCRBQ1 and SCRBQ3 are also expressed in the posterior midgut, a region in which lipid metabolism and absorption apparently take place (Neira Oviedo et al, 2008). Whether the different Croquemort genes have redundant or overlapping functions or whether they perform diverse roles in the mosquito awaits investigation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anopheles gambiae Croquemort SCRBQ2, expression profile in the mosquito and its potential interaction with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei

González‐Lázaro

Dinglasan

Hernández-Hernández

et al. 2009

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

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The scavenger receptor family comprises transmembrane proteins involved in the recognition of polyanionic ligands. Several studies have established that members of this family are involved both in immunity and in developmental processes. In Drosophila melanogaster, one of the best characterized scavenger receptors is Croquemort, which participates in the recognition of apoptotic cells in the embryo. Although comparative genomic studies have revealed the presence of four orthologs of this receptor in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, little is known about their function. We have investigated the expression pattern of the four Croquemort orthologs during the mosquito life cycle. Croquemort transcripts SCRBQ2 and SCRBQ4 are expressed at all the developmental stages, while expression of Croquemort transcripts SCRBQ1 and SCRBQ3 is more restricted. We have also investigated the expression of the four Croquemort orthologs in the different organs of the adult female. Croquemort transcript SCRBQ2 is highly expressed in the A. gambiae female midgut. SCRBQ2 midgut gene expression was up-regulated after a non-infected or a Plasmodium berghei-infected blood meal, compared to its expression in midguts of sugar-fed females. Interestingly, knockdown of SCRBQ2 expression by dsRNA injection resulted in a 62.5% inhibition of oocyst formation, suggesting that SCRBQ2 plays a role in Plasmodium–mosquito interactions.

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“…gambiae , mRNA transcripts of antimicrobial peptides Defensin 1 , Cecropins , Gambicin , as well as TEP1 , are enriched in the proventriculus [55]. TEP1 is also expressed in the neighboring gastric caeca during larval stages [57]. Future studies may clarify whether proventriculus-expressed TEP1 has a function that bypasses the requirement for LRM1 and APL1-C, perhaps in the lumen of the digestive tract where TEP1 could interact with the gut microbiota.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transgenic Expression of the Anti-parasitic Factor TEP1 in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae

et al. 2017

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Mosquitoes genetically engineered to be resistant to Plasmodium parasites represent a promising novel approach in the fight against malaria. The insect immune system itself is a source of anti-parasitic genes potentially exploitable for transgenic designs. The Anopheles gambiae thioester containing protein 1 (TEP1) is a potent anti-parasitic protein. TEP1 is secreted and circulates in the mosquito hemolymph, where its activated cleaved form binds and eliminates malaria parasites. Here we investigated whether TEP1 can be used to create malaria resistant mosquitoes. Using a GFP reporter transgene, we determined that the fat body is the main site of TEP1 expression. We generated transgenic mosquitoes that express TEP1r, a potent refractory allele of TEP1, in the fat body and examined the activity of the transgenic protein in wild-type or TEP1 mutant genetic backgrounds. Transgenic TEP1r rescued loss-of-function mutations, but did not increase parasite resistance in the presence of a wild-type susceptible allele. Consistent with previous reports, TEP1 protein expressed from the transgene in the fat body was taken up by hemocytes upon a challenge with injected bacteria. Furthermore, although maturation of transgenic TEP1 into the cleaved form was impaired in one of the TEP1 mutant lines, it was still sufficient to reduce parasite numbers and induce parasite melanization. We also report here the first use of Transcription Activator Like Effectors (TALEs) in Anopheles gambiae to stimulate expression of endogenous TEP1. We found that artificial elevation of TEP1 expression remains moderate in vivo and that enhancement of endogenous TEP1 expression did not result in increased resistance to Plasmodium. Taken together, our results reveal the difficulty of artificially influencing TEP1-mediated Plasmodium resistance, and contribute to further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying mosquito resistance to Plasmodium parasites.

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A microarray‐based analysis of transcriptional compartmentalization in the alimentary canal of Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae

Cited by 54 publications

References 53 publications

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase

Evolutionary origin and function of NOX4-art, an arthropod specific NADPH oxidase

Anopheles gambiae Croquemort SCRBQ2, expression profile in the mosquito and its potential interaction with the malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei

Transgenic Expression of the Anti-parasitic Factor TEP1 in the Malaria Mosquito Anopheles gambiae

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