A microbial perspective of human developmental biology

Charbonneau, Mark R.; Blanton, Laura V.; DiGiulio, Daniel B.; Relman, David A.; Lebrilla, Carlito B.; Mills, David A.; Gordon, Jeffrey I.

doi:10.1038/nature18845

Cited by 230 publications

(163 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…longum and B. breve 46,47 , the ecological context (that is, infants versus adults) might dictate whether these HMOs are indeed pre biotic. Moreover, having structural equivalence to specific HMOs does not infer functional equiva lence to the con stellation of HMOs in milk 48 . Thus, for now, it is acceptable to state that some HMOs are candidate prebiotics.…”

Section: Box 2 | Justification For the New Definition Of Prebioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

Gibson

Hutkins

Sanders³

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

3,943

2,428

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In December 2016, a panel of experts in microbiology, nutrition and clinical research was convened by the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics to review the definition and scope of prebiotics. Consistent with the original embodiment of prebiotics, but aware of the latest scientific and clinical developments, the panel updated the definition of a prebiotic: a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit. This definition expands the concept of prebiotics to possibly include non-carbohydrate substances, applications to body sites other than the gastrointestinal tract, and diverse categories other than food. The requirement for selective microbiota-mediated mechanisms was retained. Beneficial health effects must be documented for a substance to be considered a prebiotic. The consensus definition applies also to prebiotics for use by animals, in which microbiota-focused strategies to maintain health and prevent disease is as relevant as for humans. Ultimately, the goal of this Consensus Statement is to engender appropriate use of the term 'prebiotic' by relevant stakeholders so that consistency and clarity can be achieved in research reports, product marketing and regulatory oversight of the category. To this end, we have reviewed several aspects of prebiotic science including its development, health benefits and legislation

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Section: Box 2 | Justification For the New Definition Of Prebioticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

Gibson

Hutkins

Sanders³

et al. 2017

Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol

3,943

2,428

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In fact, in a recent publication in the journal Nature, researchers called for a broad microbial perspective on healthy human development and emphasized the fact that we need microbes for normal microbial communities as part of a healthy existence (Charbonneau et al 2016). Microbial exposures during development are part of our necessary physiological/immunological maturation.…”

Section: Embracing Colonization Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Safety and risk assessment for the human superorganism

Dietert

2017

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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This editorial on safety evaluation and risk assessment for the human superorganism introduces a series of papers arguing for a fundamental shift in how we approach human health risk assessment. In this series emphasis is placed on the risk of infectious disease. Our 21 st st century understanding of human biology is that, as holobionts, we possess a majority of microbial cells and genes. In fact, our microbes fundamentally affect our interactions with the external environment, metabolism, physiology, and risk of both pathology and disease. As holobionts, we require our microbial partners for us to be both complete and healthy. Using the 20 th century understanding of human biology, we failed to capture the effects of the microbiome in evaluating health risks. But 21 st century risk assessments such as those associated with exposure to specific microbial pathogens need to include the human microbiome. Microbiome status will be central in determining the health risks for both individuals and populations.

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“…Extrinsic factors, including host genetic makeup [6], cohousing/family members [7], oral antibiotic use early in life [8] and diet [9] are dominating factors in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Whether these early life events are determinants of microbiota-related disease in later life remains to be established.…”

Section: Bbbmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging role of intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in metabolic control

Herrema

IJzerman²,

Nieuwdorp

2016

Diabetologia

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The role of the intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in the maintenance of host health and development of metabolic disease has gained significant attention over the past decade. Mechanistic insight revealing causality, however, is scarce. Work by Ussar and co-workers demonstrates that a complex interaction between microbiota, host genetics and environmental factors is involved in metabolic disease development in mice. In addition, Perry and coworkers show that the microbial metabolite acetate augments insulin resistance in rats. These studies underscore an important role of the microbiota in the development of obesity and symptoms of type 2 diabetes in rodents. If causality can be demonstrated in humans, development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools that target the gut microbiota will have high potential.Keywords Gut microbiota . Insulin resistance . Obesity . Short-chain fatty acids . Type 2 diabetes Abbreviations BBB Blood-brain barrier FMT Faecal microbiota transfer GSIS Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion HFD High-fat diet ICV Intracerebroventricular SCFA Short-chain fatty acidThe symbiotic relationship with our intestinal microbiota is exemplified by a broad range of beneficial effects for the host metabolism, including digestion of complex carbohydrates and maturation of the immune response. In addition, the intestinal microbiota serves an endocrine role by producing a vast amount of metabolites with the potential to modulate host metabolism [1]. The intestinal microbiota has, as such, also been implicated in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes in human and rodent models [2]. This adds another layer of complexity to studying the origin of these multifactorial metabolic pathologies that arise from a complicated interplay between genetic risk factors and external factors, including dietary intake and physical activity. This commentary discusses two recent rodent studies on the potential importance of the intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease. Ussar and co-workers [3] studied the complex interaction between environmental and genetic factors in microbiota-related metabolic disease development in mice, while Perry and co-workers [4] investigated a potential mechanism underlying microbiota-driven disease development using a rat model.Colonisation of the gastrointestinal tract starts as early as in utero [5], and a core microbiome composed mainly of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria and Verrucomicrobia is established around the third year of life. Extrinsic factors, including host genetic makeup [6], cohousing/family members [7], oral antibiotic use early in life [8] and diet [9] are dominating factors in shaping the intestinal microbiota. Whether these early life events are determinants of microbiota-related disease in later life remains to be

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A microbial perspective of human developmental biology

Cited by 230 publications

References 101 publications

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

Expert consensus document: The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics

Safety and risk assessment for the human superorganism

Emerging role of intestinal microbiota and microbial metabolites in metabolic control

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