“…There is no doubt that the research on resilience at the material level will become a research hotspot in the field of materials. Concrete structures built with self-healing materials have self-healing properties after disaster damage, and research on this aspect can improve the safety and sustainability of the entire life cycle of underground structures (Chen et al., 2021; Ivica et al., 2022; Tian et al., 2019; Voyiadjis et al., 2020; Wei et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2022; Zhu et al., 2021). Based on different healing methods, many healing materials have been proposed by different scholars, such as the microencapsulated self-healing concrete (Andrushia et al., 2020a, 2020b; Jahadi et al., 2023; Zhou et al., 2020; Zhuang et al., 2021), the UHPC (Fang et al., 2022; Luo et al., 2019; Zhu et al., 2022), the slurry infiltrated fiber concrete (Zhou et al., 2023), the lightweight aggregate concrete (Xiong et al., 2019, 2022a, 2022b), the calcined wollastonite powder (Zheng et al., 2021), the ECC (Zhou et al., 2020) and the bacteria-based concrete (Zhuang and Zhou, 2019).…”