The nature of the interaction between plant cell wall polysaccharides was investigated by
force spectroscopy and computer simulations. Single xyloglucan molecules were tethered
between a cellulose substrate and an atomic force microscope tip, which was cycled at rates
from 0.1 to 7 Hz. The force–extension curves showed force plateaux of tens of piconewtons,
in some cases multiple, with no clear rate dependence. Similar force plateaux were
predicted by simulations of polymer chains adsorbed to a flat surface and a virtual
cantilever, using a coarse-grained Monte Carlo approach. The simulated plateaux were five
to ten times smaller than those obtained by experiment. The experimental plateau energies
suggest that at least one hydrogen bond per backbone glucose residue is involved
in the interaction. Multiple plateaux always decrease in height with extension,
implying a self-tensioning system. This behaviour in a biological nanocomposite
could have applications in the manufacture of novel synthetic nanocomposites.