A microstructural study of gallbladder stones using scanning electron microscopy

Abstract

Different types of gallbladder stones had characteristic shapes and elements. This study provides an objective basis for further research regarding gallbladder stone formation.

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO4): occurrence and properties

“…According to the data available (Poloni and Ward 2014 ), the unwanted depositions could consist of many substances and all of them always lead to various diseases. Regarding the unwanted depositions of CaPO 4 , they are found in soft tissue calcification (in damaged joints, blood vessels, dysfunctional areas in the brain, diseased organs, scleroderma, prostate stones) (Reid and Andersen 1993 ; Scotchford and Ali 1995 ; P’ng et al 2008 ; Brancaccio and Cozzolino 2005 ; Goff and Reichard 2006 ; Bittmann et al 2003 ; Molloy and McCarthy 2006 ; Giachelli 2004 ; Kazama et al 2007 ), kidney (Giannossi and Summa 2012 ; Mukherjee 2014 ) and urinary (Zhu et al 2014 ; Huo et al 2015 ; Selvaraju et al 2015 ) stones, dental pulp stones and dental calculus (Kakei et al 2009 ; Kodaka et al 1988 , 1998 ; Çiftçioglu et al 1998 ; Hayashizaki et al 2008 ), salivary stones (Zelentsov et al 2001 ; Luers et al 2014 ), gall stones (Qiao et al 2013 ; Hussain and Al-Jashamy 2013 ), pineal gland calcifications (Güney et al 2013 ), atherosclerotic arteries and veins (Ortlepp et al 2004 ; Tomazic 2001 ; Marra et al 2006 ; Kurabayashi 2013 ), coronary calcification (Fitzpatrick et al 2003 ; Matsui et al 2015 ), damaged cardiac valves (Suvorova and Buffat 2005 ), calcification on artificial heart valves (Giachelli 2001 ; Pettenazzo et al 2001 ; Schoen and Levy 2005 ; Delogne et al 2007 ), carpal tunnel (Sensui et al 2003 ; Namba et al 2008 ) and tumoral (Namba et al 2008 ; Carlson et al 2007 ; Sprecher 2010 ; Slavin et al 2012 ; Kim et al 2013 ; Burns et al 2013 ) calcifications, cataracts (Kim and Choi 2007 ; Koinzer et al 2009 ), malacoplakia (Ho 1989 ), calcified menisci (Katsamenis et al 2...…”

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…According to the data available (Poloni and Ward 2014), the unwanted depositions could consist of many substances and all of them always lead to various diseases. Regarding the unwanted depositions of CaPO 4 , they are found in soft tissue calcification (in damaged joints, blood vessels, dysfunctional areas in the brain, diseased organs, scleroderma, prostate stones) (Reid and Andersen 1993;Scotchford and Ali 1995;P'ng et al 2008;Brancaccio and Cozzolino 2005;Goff and Reichard 2006;Bittmann et al 2003;Molloy and McCarthy 2006;Giachelli 2004;Kazama et al 2007), kidney (Giannossi and Summa 2012;Mukherjee 2014) and urinary (Zhu et al 2014;Huo et al 2015;Selvaraju et al 2015) stones, dental pulp stones and dental calculus (Kakei et al 2009;Kodaka et al 1988Kodaka et al , 1998Ç iftçioglu et al 1998;Hayashizaki et al 2008), salivary stones (Zelentsov et al 2001;Luers et al 2014), gall stones (Qiao et al 2013;Hussain and AlJashamy 2013), pineal gland calcifications (Güney et al 2013), atherosclerotic arteries and veins (Ortlepp et al 2004;Tomazic 2001;Marra et al 2006;Kurabayashi 2013), coronary calcification (Fitzpatrick et al 2003;Matsui et al 2015), damaged cardiac valves (Suvorova and Buffat 2005), calcification on artificial heart valves (Giachelli 2001; Pettenazzo et al 2001;...…”

New Evidences of Key Factors Involved in “Silent Stones” Etiopathogenesis and Trace Elements: Microscopic, Spectroscopic, and Biochemical Approach

“…Cholesterol crystals were tightly stacked and arranged in a layered or cord-like structure. This indicates that the formation of this stone was an intermittent process [15]. Cholesterol gallstones are developed when bile contains too much cholesterol and not enough bile salts.…”

“…As reported in literature, the application of different complementary analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive Xray analysis (SEM/EDAX), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Raman and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), cathodoluminescence, thermal analysis, etc. was aimed to provide a more comprehensive determination of the gallbladder calculi composition and structure [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. For example, with the application of infrared spectroscopy in recent years, gallstones have been classified into cholesterol stones, pigment stones, mixed stones, and other rare stones (including calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, and fatty acid calcium stones) [11][12][13].…”