A mini-review on the synthesis and structural modification of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>-based materials, and their applications in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation

Ismael, Mohammed; Wu, Ying

doi:10.1039/c9se00422j

Cited by 203 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 192 publications

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“…Recent studies have univocally accepted the extreme importance of suitable carbon components with tunable surface and electronic properties in framing smart electrode materials for high electrochemical energy storage gadgets. One such highly recommended carbon‐based material is graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C 3 N 4 ) that is rapidly popularizing in this technological field [221] . It is a polymeric substance comprising of tris‐triazine‐based units having the C/N ratio ≈0.75 and trace quantities of hydrogen as an impurity, possessing two‐dimensional stacked‐layered structure that closely resembles with sp 2 ‐hybridized nitrogen‐substituted graphenes [219,220] .…”

Section: Electrochemical Performances Of Various Mno2‐based Ternary Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Majumdar¹

2020

ChemElectroChem

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Manganese dioxide (MnO2) has proved itself as a popular pseudocapacitive material with low fabrication cost, high availability, low toxicity, and improved handling safety compared to many other inorganics or carbon‐based systems existing in the market. However, the specific capacitance reported to date has been far inferior to that of the theoretically predicted value (ca. 1370 Fg−1), which is mainly attributed to the issues associated with poor conductivity, nanostructure agglomeration, low porosity, rapid electrolyte‐mediated dissolution, and so forth, which have considerably limited its commercial effectiveness. Thus, to bring about improvement in the electrochemical performance of MnO2‐based supercapacitors, novel designs of MnO2 nanomaterials through composite formations with other substances, such as nanocarbons, conducting polymers or inorganic materials, namely metal oxides and sulfides, have been comprehensively explored. Extensive studies on these MnO2 binary nanocomposites revealed significant improvement in the electrochemical features compared to pristine phases; nevertheless, the achieved state is still far below practicability. Hence, scientists have opted for MnO2‐based ternary nanocomposites achieved by blending appropriate proportions the three components (MnO2 nanostructures being one of the constant components) that would promote synergism to attain suitable dimensions, crystallinity, crystal structure, conductivity, mass loading, and electrolyte selectivity so as to confer superior capacitance, charge transfer kinetics, better utilization of electroactive materials, energy and power densities, as well as improved mechanical stability and environmental adaptability. Herein, recent developments and advancements in the research of various MnO2‐based ternary nanocomposites employed for supercapacitor applications have been discussed and are compared with binary analogs with special emphasis on correlating their composition, morphology, and the electrochemical properties that are noticeably modified upon introduction of the third component. The associated challenges encountered in their progress toward commercialization and the probable ideas of persuading better strategic designs of these ternary systems for high‐performance supercapacitor applications have also been delineated.

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Section: Electrochemical Performances Of Various Mno2‐based Ternary Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Majumdar¹

2020

ChemElectroChem

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“…To improve catalytic performance, carbon nanomaterials are usually combined with metal-based electrocatalysts [ 43 , 44 , 45 ]. For example, graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C 3 N 4 ) have been presented in the field of photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production [ 46 , 47 ]. Carbon dots (CDs) with a diameter of <10 nm possess unique electron-transfer abilities and a large specific surface area, rendering them excellent catalysts as well as potential candidates for versatile applications [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of FeCo2O4@N-Doped Carbon Dots Nanoflowers as Binder Free Electrode for Reduction and Oxidation of Water

et al. 2020

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Electrochemical water splitting is known as a potential approach for sustainable energy conversion; it produces H2 fuel by utilizing transition metal-based catalysts. We report a facile synthesis of FeCo2O4@carbon dots (CDs) nanoflowers supported on nickel foam through a hydrothermal technique in the absence of organic solvents and an inert environment. The synthesized material with a judicious choice of CDs shows superior performance in hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) compared to the FeCo2O4 electrode alone in alkaline media. For HER, the overpotential of 205 mV was able to produce current densities of up to 10 mA cm−2, whereas an overpotential of 393 mV was needed to obtain a current density of up to 50 mA cm−2 for OER. The synergistic effect between CDs and FeCo2O4 accounts for the excellent electrocatalytic activity, since CDs offer exposed active sites and subsequently promote the electrochemical reaction by enhancing the electron transfer processes. Hence, this procedure offers an effective approach for constructing metal oxide-integrated CDs as a catalytic support system to improve the performance of electrochemical water splitting.

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“…, [9,10] With its highly porous and N-associated sites in their structure built out of tri-s-triazine units, P-CN shows excellent photocatalytic activity [11] and gained interdisciplinary attention as a solution to the energy crisis and environmental remediation. [12,13,14] It is also recognized as a plausible material for fabricating bioimaging probes [15] and optical sensors. [16] The overall performance of a photocatalyst depends on its band gap, morphology and chemical structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

et al. 2020

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In the present study, we have performed a case study to understand the ability of bulk polymeric carbon nitride (P‐CN) derived from various precursors such as urea, melamine, and dicyandiamide namely UCN, MCN and, DCN respectively via thermal condensation process and also their corresponding thermally exfoliated nanosheets such as TE_UCN, TE_MCN, and TE_DCN. Compared with the bulk P‐CN, all the thermally exfoliated samples retained higher surface area and shows superior photogenerated charge carrier transfer and separation. Among the thermally exfoliated P‐CN nanosheets, TE_UCN gives highly porous nanosheets with a specific surface area of 179 m2/g, and large band gap (3.01 eV). Despite its poor electronic band structure, the large surface area of TE_UCN has contributed more to the excellent photogenerated charge carrier separation, which resulted in their highest photocatalytic property against the degradation of an organic dye rhodamine B(RhB) under natural sunlight. The electrochemical experiments on all the three samples of nanosheets of P‐CN revealed that TE_UCN is the best electrode material for supercapacitors. TE_UCN displays excellent capacitance properties in 0.5 M H2SO4 electrolyte with a specific capacitance of 128.7 Fg−1. Finally, the electrocatalytic activity investigation of the samples of P‐CN nanosheets revealed that TE_DCN has more catalytic activity towards HER. This study demonstrates that texture, electrochemical capacitance, electro and photcatalytic properties of nanosheets of P‐CN can be improved by the judicial choice of the precursor molecules.

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A mini-review on the synthesis and structural modification of g-C₃N₄-based materials, and their applications in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation

Abstract: Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a metal-free conjugated polymer has emerged as a photocatalyst showing catalytic activity for water splitting, CO2 photoreduction and degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation.

Cited by 203 publications

References 192 publications

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Construction of FeCo2O4@N-Doped Carbon Dots Nanoflowers as Binder Free Electrode for Reduction and Oxidation of Water

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

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A mini-review on the synthesis and structural modification of g-C3N4-based materials, and their applications in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation

Abstract: Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a metal-free conjugated polymer has emerged as a photocatalyst showing catalytic activity for water splitting, CO2 photoreduction and degradation of organic pollutants under visible light irradiation.

Cited by 203 publications

References 192 publications

Review on Current Progress of MnO2‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Review on Current Progress of MnO2‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Construction of FeCo2O4@N-Doped Carbon Dots Nanoflowers as Binder Free Electrode for Reduction and Oxidation of Water

Exploring The Effect of Precursors of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Nanosheets on their Photo and Electrocatalytic Applications

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A mini-review on the synthesis and structural modification of g-C₃N₄-based materials, and their applications in solar energy conversion and environmental remediation

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

Review on Current Progress of MnO₂‐Based Ternary Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications