A Miniature Biochip System for Detection of Aerosolized<i> Bacillus globigii</i> Spores

Stratis‐Cullum, Dimitra N.; Griffin, Guy D.; Mobley, Joel; Vass, and Arpad A.; Vo‐Dinh, Tuan

doi:10.1021/ac026068+

Cited by 96 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…niger, Bacillus niger, or even earlier as Bacillus globigii. Several of these strains are used in industry as sterilization control organisms or sources of restriction endonucleases (4,14,18), but specifically within the biodefense research and testing community, some of these strains are used extensively as nonpathogenic surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (16,17). Isolates used in this latter capacity are still commonly referred to by their historical designation of B. globigii or simply BG.…”

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Bürke

Wright

Robinson

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Phenotypically, Bacillus atrophaeus is indistinguishable from the type strain of Bacillus subtilis except by virtue of pigment production on certain media. Several pigmented variants of B. subtilis have been reclassified as B. atrophaeus, but several remain ambiguous in regard to their taxonomic placement. In this study, we examined strains within the American Type Culture Collection originally deposited as Bacillus globigii, B. subtilis var. niger, or Bacillus niger using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis to determine the level of molecular diversity among these strains and their relationship with closely related taxa. The 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed little variation with one base substitution between the B. atrophaeus type strain ATCC 49337 and the other pigmented bacilli. AFLP analysis produced high-quality DNA fingerprints with sufficient polymorphism to reveal strain-level variation. Cluster analysis of Dice similarity coefficients revealed that three strains, ATCC 31028, ATCC 49760, and ATCC 49822, are much more closely related to B. atrophaeus than to B. subtilis and should be reclassified as B. atrophaeus. A very closely related cluster of B. atrophaeus strains was also observed; this cluster was genetically distinct from the type strain. The level of variation between the two groups was approximately the same as the level of variation observed between members of the two B. subtilis subspecies, subtilis and spizizenii. It is proposed that the cluster of strains typified by ATCC 9372 be designated a new subspecies, B. atrophaeus subsp. globigii.Bacillus atrophaeus is a gram-positive, aerobic, endosporeforming, rod-shaped bacterium whose description is virtually identical to that of Bacillus subtilis except for the production of a pigment on media containing an organic nitrogen source (12). Many of the isolates belonging to this species were previously classified as Bacillus subtilis var. niger, Bacillus niger, or even earlier as Bacillus globigii. Several of these strains are used in industry as sterilization control organisms or sources of restriction endonucleases (4, 14, 18), but specifically within the biodefense research and testing community, some of these strains are used extensively as nonpathogenic surrogates for Bacillus anthracis (16,17). Isolates used in this latter capacity are still commonly referred to by their historical designation of B. globigii or simply BG.Nakamura first proposed the species B. atrophaeus after examining a number of pigmented and nonpigmented strains of B. subtilis (12). Using DNA-DNA reassociation measurements, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, and pigment production, he demonstrated that a subgroup of the pigmented strains differed significantly from the other pigmented and nonpigmented strains typified by B. subtilis and hence warranted a new species designation. The remaining pigmented strains were considered true variants of B. subtilis. The isolates included in the Nakamura study were reclassified in publicl...

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confidence: 99%

Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Bürke

Wright

Robinson

et al. 2004

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…The environmental limit of detection of the ELISA-biochip system was 17 CFU/liter. For the ELISA-biochip system, the efficiency of the air sampler was reported as approximately 50%, but the distribution was not fully described (66). The anthrax smoke detector collected aerosolized spores using a bioaerosol collection system at a rate of 15 liters/minute for 1 min onto a glass fiber filter tape.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Implications of Limits of Detection of Various Methods for Bacillus anthracis in Computing Risks to Human Health

Herzog

McLennan

Pandey

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Used for decades for biological warfare, Bacillus anthracis (category A agent) has proven to be highly stable and lethal. Quantitative risk assessment modeling requires descriptive statistics of the limit of detection to assist in defining the exposure. Furthermore, the sensitivities of various detection methods in environmental matrices are vital information for first responders. A literature review of peer-reviewed journal articles related to methods for detection of B. anthracis was undertaken. Articles focused on the development or evaluation of various detection approaches, such as PCR, real-time PCR, immunoassay, etc. Real-time PCR and PCR were the most sensitive methods for the detection of B. anthracis, with median instrument limits of detection of 430 and 440 cells/ml, respectively. There were very few peer-reviewed articles on the detection methods for B. anthracis in the environment. The most sensitive limits of detection for the environmental samples were 0.1 CFU/g for soil using PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 17 CFU/liter for air using an ELISA-biochip system, 1 CFU/liter for water using cultivation, and 1 CFU/cm 2 for stainless steel fomites using cultivation. An exponential dose-response model for the inhalation of B. anthracis estimates of risk at concentrations equal to the environmental limit of detection determined the probability of death if untreated to be as high as 0.520. Though more data on the environmental limit of detection would improve the assumptions made for the risk assessment, this study's quantification of the risk posed by current limitations in the knowledge of detection methods should be considered when employing those methods in environmental monitoring and cleanup strategies.

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“…Like a computer chip performing millions of mathematical operations in a few split seconds, a biochip allows for simultaneous analyses of thousands of biological reactions, such as decoding genes, in a few seconds. Although silicon surfaces bearing printed circuits can be used for DNA binding, the term biochip is now broadly used to describe all surfaces bearing microscopic spots, each one being formed by specific capture probes [5]. Global gene expression analysis has helped to identify important genes and signaling pathways in human malignant tumors.…”

Section: Stem Cell Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stem Cell Research - Future Challenges - The Biochips

Bisen¹

2014

J Bone Marrow Res

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A Miniature Biochip System for Detection of Aerosolized Bacillus globigii Spores

Cited by 96 publications

References 15 publications

Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Detection of Molecular Diversity in Bacillus atrophaeus by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Analysis

Implications of Limits of Detection of Various Methods for Bacillus anthracis in Computing Risks to Human Health

Stem Cell Research - Future Challenges - The Biochips

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