“…Recently, the cost of commercially available sensors has stimulated the development of alternative low-cost, robust sensors and data loggers: opensource software, electronics, and off-the-shelf hardware store items, combined with low-cost microcontrollers (Pearce, 2012). For example, low-cost water quality sensors have been developed and tested for parameters such as pH and conductivity, temperature, toxicity, and turbidity (Banna et al, 2014;Chapin, Todd, & Zeigler, 2014;Murphy et al, 2015;Tuna, Arkoc, & Gulez, 2013;Yagur-Kroll et al, 2015), although few sensors have actually been deployed in the field. Offthe-shelf cameras have also been applied successfully to record water level (Gilmore, Birgand, & Chapman, 2013) and discharge (Bradley, Kruger, Meselhe, & Muste, 2002;Tsubaki, Fujita, & Tsutsumi, 2011), plant phenology (Crimmins & Crimmins, 2008;Nijland et al, 2014), and cloud cover (Scholl, 2015).…”