“…In situ detection MN, on the other hand, integrated sensing unit (such as colorimetry, fluorescence, and electrochemistry) directly into the MN. This allowed them to encounter and detect analytes in ISF without the need for dilution, thereby enhancing sensitivity and convenience . Colorimetric MN, for example, exhibited color changes in response to variations in pH, glucose, protein, uric acid, and temperature, which can be observed with the naked eye. , Fluorescent MN had been used to monitor changes in inflammatory cytokines in ISF of sepsis mice and assess the effectiveness of a cocaine vaccine. , Electrochemical MN, being popular biosensors, had been combined with wearable devices to detect biomarkers in ISF, such as glucose, lactic acid, and ascorbic acid .…”