“…EEs, including Latin American countries, have become over time more open to international financial flows from international portfolio investors. This growing financial integration however takes a subordinate form: based on Keynes' theory of liquidity preference, these authors argue that EEs currencies' are less able to perform the functions of money in international markets, and thus occupy a lower rank in a global currency hierarchy (Kaltenbrunner, 2015;Andrade and Prates, 2013;Ramos, 2019). As a consequence, EEs are forced to remain attractive to foreign capital to maintain sufficient demand for their currency in an attempt to stabilise the exchange rate and financial flows, whose volatility depends on forces largely beyond their control (Bortz and Kaltenbrunner, 2018;Kaltenbrunner and Painceira, 2018;Levy-Orlik and Ortiz, 2016;Alami, 2018).…”