A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of African clawed frogs: phylogeography and implications for polyploid evolution

Evans, Ben; Kelley, Darcy B.; Tinsley, R. C.; Melnick, Don J.; Cannatella, David C.

doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.04.018

Cited by 245 publications

(314 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Phylogenetic analysis indicates that xtMyHC-101d and xtMyHC-101c were both present before xlMyHC-LM (Fig. 4a) and before the split between X. laevis and X. tropicalis (50 mya, Evans et al 2004). Changed expression and regulation of one of these two genes could have occurred in either the X. tropicalis or the X. laevis lineage.…”

Section: Xtmyhc-101c Rather Than 101d Is Closer To X Laevis Xlmyhc-lmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…X. laevis belongs to the family Xenopodinae containing at least 22 known species found in central and southern Africa. The phylogenetic relationships of extant species have been described using both mitochondrial and nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA; Evans et al 2004). All species produce calls via contraction of the laryngeal muscles to pull apart a pair of cartilaginous disks, thus producing a "click" (Yager 1992); the temporal patterns of trains of clicks (trills) and click rates are unique to each species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whether this isoform is androgen regulated is, however, not known. The presence of an androgen-regulated, laryngeal-specific MyHC isoform in X. tropicalis would suggest that this isoform evolved before the split between the parent taxa ~50 mya (Evans et al 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexually differentiated, androgen-regulated, larynx-specific myosin heavy-chain isoforms in Xenopus tropicalis; comparison to Xenopus laevis

2008

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We have shown that the sarcoplasmic myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform xtMyHC-101d is highly and specifically expressed in the larynx of the aquatic anuran, Xenopus tropicalis. In male larynges, the predominant MyHC isoform is xtMyHC-101d, while in females, another isoform, xtMyHC-270c, predominates. The X. tropicalis genome has been sequenced in its entirety, and xtMyHC-101d is part of a specific array of xtMyHC genes expressed otherwise in embryonic muscles. The administration of the androgen dihydrotestosterone increases the expression of xtMyHC-101d in juvenile larynges of both sexes. Using ATPase histochemistry, we found that in adults, X. tropicalis male laryngeal muscle contains only fast-twitch fibers, while the female laryngeal muscle contains a mix of fastand slow-twitch fibers. Juvenile larynges are female-like in fiber type composition (44% slow twitch, 56% fast twitch); androgen treatment increases the percentage of fast-twitch fibers to 86%. xtMyHC-101d predominates in larynges of dihydrotestosterone-treated juveniles but not in larynges of untreated juveniles. We compared the larynx-specific expression of xtMyHC genes in X. tropicalis to the MyHC gene expressed in X. laevis larynx (xlMyHC-LM) by sequencing the entire xlMyHC-LM gene. The androgen-regulated xtMyHC that predominates in the male larynx of X. tropicalis is not the gene phylogenetically most similar to xlMyHC-LM at the nucleotide level but is instead a similar isoform found in the same MyHC array and expressed in the embryonic muscle.

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Section: Xtmyhc-101c Rather Than 101d Is Closer To X Laevis Xlmyhc-lmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexually differentiated, androgen-regulated, larynx-specific myosin heavy-chain isoforms in Xenopus tropicalis; comparison to Xenopus laevis

2008

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“…Aridity cycles also occurred earlier, as well as marine incursions, in the Tertiary. Very little has been reported on the phylogeography of mainland African anurans, excepting some study on Xenopus (Evans et al, 2004), but the situation in South America (Figure 6) has been the subject of many studies. As tropical regions have not experienced such dramatic climatic fluctuations as those at high latitudes, genetic variation in tropical species is generally expected to be higher than in temperate zones where population bottlenecking has been more frequent and intense.…”

Section: Tropical and South Temperate Zones: South America And Islandmentioning

confidence: 99%

Amphibian phylogeography: a model for understanding historical aspects of species distributions

2008

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Phylogeographic analysis has become a major tool for investigating historical aspects of biogeography and population genetic structure. Anuran amphibians are particularly informative subjects for phylogeographic research on account of their global distribution, high degree of population genetic structure and ease of sampling. Studies on all the world's inhabited continents have demonstrated the nature and locations of refugia, including the Gulf Coast in North America and the Mediterranean peninsulas in Europe during the Pleistocene glaciations; the importance of vicariance events such as the uplift of the Andes in shaping modern distributions; and colonization routes in temperate zones during postglacial climatic amelioration. Features identified as important to amphibian biogeography, notably mountain ranges, large rivers such as the Amazon and climatic fluctuations, are common to many other taxa. New analytical methods based on coalescent, Bayesian and likelihood approaches permit more rigorous hypothesis testing than has hitherto been possible and offer the prospect of even more detailed insights into species and population history in future work.

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“…X. tropicalis has a shorter generation time of 3-4.5 months, a potential for much greater spawning number (1,000-9,000 vs. 300-1,000), and is the only known Xenopus species with a diploid genome, which is almost half the size of that of X. laevis (Hirsch et al, 2002). However, both X. tropicalis and X. laevis exhibit a nearly indistinguishable embryonic development (apart from the size differences) and adult and larval morphologies despite having undergone 30-90 million years of independent evolution (Evans et al, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward an unbiased evolutionary platform for unraveling Xenopus developmental gene networks

Beer

Wagner

Grishkevich

et al. 2012

Genesis

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Summary: The availability of both the Xenopus tropicalis genome and the soon to be released Xenopus laevis genome provides a solid foundation for Xenopus developmental biologists. The Xenopus community has presently amassed expression data for 2,300 genes in the form of published images collected in the Xenbase, the principal Xenopus research database. A few of these genes have been examined in both X. tropicalis and X. laevis and the cross-species comparison has been proven invaluable for studying gene function. A recently published work has yielded developmental expression profiles for the majority of Xenopus genes across fourteen developmental stages spanning the blastula, gastrula, neurula, and the tail-bud. While this data was originally queried for global evolutionary and developmental principles, here we demonstrate its general use for gene-level analyses. In particular, we present the accessibility of this dataset through Xenbase and describe biases in the characterized genes in terms of sequence and expression conservation across the two species. We further indicate the advantage of examining coexpression for gene function discovery relating to developmental processes conserved across species. We suggest that the integration of additional largescale datasets-comprising diverse functional datainto Xenbase promises to provide a strong foundation for researchers in elucidating biological processes including the gene regulatory programs encoding development. genesis 50:186-191, 2012. V

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A mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of African clawed frogs: phylogeography and implications for polyploid evolution

Cited by 245 publications

References 54 publications

Sexually differentiated, androgen-regulated, larynx-specific myosin heavy-chain isoforms in Xenopus tropicalis; comparison to Xenopus laevis

Sexually differentiated, androgen-regulated, larynx-specific myosin heavy-chain isoforms in Xenopus tropicalis; comparison to Xenopus laevis

Amphibian phylogeography: a model for understanding historical aspects of species distributions

Toward an unbiased evolutionary platform for unraveling Xenopus developmental gene networks

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