A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin’s enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica

Westbury, Michael V.; Baleka, Sina; Barlow, Axel; Hartmann, Stefanie; Paijmans, Johanna L. A.; Kramarz, Alejandro Gustavo; Forasiepi, Analía M.; Bond, Mariano; Gelfo, Javier N.; Reguero, Marcelo Alfredo; López-Mendoza, Patricio; Taglioretti, Matias Luciano; Scaglia, Fernando; Rinderknecht, Andrés; Jones, Washington; Mena, Francisco; Billet, Guillaume; Muizon, Christian de; Aguilar, José Luis; MacPhee, R. D. E.; Hofreiter, Michael

doi:10.1038/ncomms15951

Cited by 83 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In studies that use such samples, mitochondrial DNA continues to be an important marker as the much higher copy number per cell compared to the nuclear genome generally results in a higher success rate for sequence recovery -particularly for species with low fossil abundance and/or poor biomolecular preservation [e.g. [2][3][4][5]. The leopard (Panthera pardus Linnaeus, 1758) is an example of a species that is currently distributed across only a fraction of its historical and ancient range [e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations

Paijmans

Barlow

Foerster

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Background: Resolving the historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) is a complex issue, because patterns inferred from fossils and from molecular data lack congruence. Fossil evidence supports an African origin, and suggests that leopards were already present in Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene. Analysis of DNA sequences however, suggests a more recent, Middle Pleistocene shared ancestry of Asian and African leopards. These contrasting patterns led researchers to propose a two-stage hypothesis of leopard dispersal out of Africa: an initial Early Pleistocene colonisation of Asia and a subsequent replacement by a second colonisation wave during the Middle Pleistocene. The status of Late Pleistocene European leopards within this scenario is unclear: were these populations remnants of the first dispersal, or do the last surviving European leopards share more recent ancestry with their African counterparts?Results: In this study, we generate and analyse mitogenome sequences from historical samples that span the entire modern leopard distribution, as well as from Late Pleistocene remains. We find a deep bifurcation between African and Eurasian mitochondrial lineages (~710 Ka), with the European ancient samples as sister to all Asian lineages (~483 Ka). The modern and historical mainland Asian lineages share a relatively recent common ancestor (~122 Ka), and we find one Javan sample nested within these. Conclusions:The phylogenetic placement of the ancient European leopard as sister group to Asian leopards suggests that these populations originate from the same out-of-Africa dispersal which founded the Asian lineages. The coalescence time found for the mitochondrial lineages aligns well with the earliest undisputed fossils in Eurasia, and thus encourages a re-evaluation of the identification of the much older putative leopard fossils from the region. The relatively recent ancestry of all mainland Asian leopard lineages suggests that these populations underwent a severe population bottleneck during the Pleistocene. Finally, although only based on a single sample, the unexpected phylogenetic placement of the Javan leopard could be interpreted as evidence for exchange of mitochondrial lineages between Java and mainland Asia, calling for further investigation into the evolutionary history of this subspecies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations

Paijmans

Barlow

Foerster

et al. 2018

Preprint

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“…Their results support the conclusion that Notoungulata and Litopterna form a clade as sister taxon to Perissodactyla, within Laurasiatheria. The close relationship of Litopterna with Perissodactyla is also supported by mitogenomic data (Westbury et al, 2017). Carrillo and Asher (2017) combined amino acid, collagen sequences, and morphological characters into a dataset including 182 fossil and living taxa in order to evaluate the relationship of Notoungulata and other SANUs within placentals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Phylogenetic relationships among SANUs, and of SANUs to other placentals, have long been a subject of debate. The SANUs include the clades Litopterna, Notoungulata, Astrapotheria, Xenungulata and Pyrotheria, which have been hypothesized to be monophyletic (classified in Meridiungulata;McKenna, 1975;McKenna and Bell, 1997) or polyphyletic (O'Leary et al, 2013); and for some SANU clades, different affinities within placentals are proposed (Billet and Martin, 2011;Kramarz and Bond, 2014;Buckley, 2015;Welker et al, 2015;Westbury et al, 2017). Phylogenetic hypotheses include affinities of Litopterna and other closely related SANUs with an extinct group of North American ungulates known as Mioclaenideae, based on morphological evidence The Neogene Record of Northern South American Native Ungulates FIGURE 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Neogene Record of Northern South American Native Ungulates

Carrillo¹,

Amson²,

Jaramillo³

et al. 2018

Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology

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Emphasis upon publication as a means of "diffusing knowledge" was expressed by the first Secretary of the Smithsonian. In his formal plan for the Institution, Joseph Henry outlined a program that included the following statement: "It is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge." This theme of basic research has been adhered to through the years in thousands of titles issued in series publications under the Smithsonian imprint, commencing with Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge in 1848 and continuing with the following active series: Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology Smithsonian Contributions to Botany Smithsonian Contributions to History and Technology Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences Smithsonian Contributions to Museum Conservation Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology In these series, the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press (SISP) publishes small papers and full-scale monographs that report on research and collections of the Institution's museums and research centers. The Smithsonian Contributions Series are distributed via exchange mailing lists to libraries, universities, and similar institutions throughout the world. Manuscripts intended for publication in the Contributions Series undergo substantive peer review and evaluation by SISP's Editorial Board, as well as evaluation by SISP for compliance with manuscript preparation guidelines (available at https://scholarlypress.si.edu). For fully searchable PDFs of all open access series and publications of the Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press, visit Open SI at http://opensi.si.edu.

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“…These widespread structures are recognized as an effective crack-stopping mechanism in enamel (Pfretzschner 1992;Koenigswald et al 2011). Most importantly, the common occurrence of HSB in notoungulate incisors adds to the growing body of evidence that the clade Euungulata, comprising Perissodactyla, Artiodactyla, and potentially Litopterna and Notoungulata (Welker et al 2015;Buckley 2015;Westbury et al 2017), may be characterized by a frequent development of HSB (Stefen 1999;Lindenau 2005;Alloing-Seguier et al 2014;Tabuce et al 2017).…”

Section: Evolutionary History Of Incisor Enamel Microstructure In Notmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Notoungulata, together with Litopterna (and possibly Astrapotheria; Billet 2010), were reported to be more closely related to Perissodactyla than to any other extant taxon of placentals (Welker et al 2015;Buckley 2015;Westbury et al 2017). Among perissodactyls, there are three different configurations of HSB observed for incisors (Koenigswald et al 2011): transverse HSB (the HSB are parallel to the occlusal surface and the base of enamel crown), vertical HSB (the HSB are perpendicular to the occlusal surface and the base of enamel crown), and compound HSB (transverse HSB in an inner layer and vertical HSB in an outer layer).…”

Section: Comparisons With Closest Extant and Extinct Relativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary and Functional Implications of Incisor Enamel Microstructure Diversity in Notoungulata (Placentalia, Mammalia)

Filippo¹,

Kalthoff²,

Billet³

et al. 2019

J Mammal Evol

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Notoungulates are an extinct clade of South American mammals, comprising a large diversity of body sizes and skeletal morphologies, and including taxa with highly specialized dentitions. The evolutionary history of notoungulates is characterized by numerous dental convergences, such as continuous growth of both molars and incisors, which repeatedly occurred in latediverging families to counter the effects of abrasion. The main goal of this study is to determine if the acquisition of high-crowned incisors in different notoungulate families was accompanied by significant and repeated changes in their enamel microstructure. More generally, it aims at identifying evolutionary patterns of incisor enamel microstructure in notoungulates. Fifty-eight samples of incisors encompassing 21 genera of notoungulates were sectioned to study the enamel microstructure using a scanning electron microscope. We showed that most Eocene taxa were characterized by an incisor schmelzmuster involving only radial enamel. Interestingly, derived schmelzmusters involving the presence of Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) and of modified radial enamel occurred in all four late-diverging families, mostly in parallel with morphological specializations, such as crown height increase. Despite a high degree of homoplasy, some characters detected at different levels of enamel complexity (e.g., labial versus lingual sides, upper versus lower incisors) might also be useful for phylogenetic reconstructions. Comparisons with perissodactyls showed that notoungulates paralleled equids in some aspects related to abrasion resistance, in having evolved transverse to oblique HSB combined with modified radial enamel and high-crowned incisors.

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A mitogenomic timetree for Darwin’s enigmatic South American mammal Macrauchenia patachonica

Cited by 83 publications

References 47 publications

Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations

Historical biogeography of the leopard (Panthera pardus) and its extinct Eurasian populations

The Neogene Record of Northern South American Native Ungulates

Evolutionary and Functional Implications of Incisor Enamel Microstructure Diversity in Notoungulata (Placentalia, Mammalia)

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