“…Nevertheless, only a handful of neural network models exist that can forecast the retention of organic substances in reverse osmosis, forward osmosis, and nanofiltration. (Ammi et al, 2015(Ammi et al, , 2018(Ammi et al, , 2020(Ammi et al, , 2023Ammi, Khaouane, et al, 2021;Ammi, Hanini, et al, 2021;Khaouane et al, 2017;Kratbi et al, 2023;Libotean et al, 2008;Shahmansouri & Bellona, 2013;Yangali-Quintanilla et al, 2009).…”