A Model for Electrochromic Tungstic Oxide Microstructure and Degradation

Arnoldussen, T.C.

doi:10.1149/1.2127350

Cited by 128 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The vanadium dissolution in sample A may be enhanced because the higher specific surface area amplifies this phenomenon. This behaviour is also consistent with a report that amorphous materials dissolve more easily than crystallized ones [10]. Fig.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Chew

Wang

et al. 2007

Journal of Power Sources

115

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 93%

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Chew

Wang

et al. 2007

Journal of Power Sources

115

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“…1,4,5 WO 3 film can be prepared by many methods, including e-beam evaporation, thermal vacuum evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel deposition, and sputter deposition. [6][7][8][9] Among these methods reactive sputtering is most suitable for large area applications such as automobile glass and architecture building glass. 10,11 In general, sputtered WO 3 films are harder and denser than those obtained by e-beam or thermal evaporation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

Lee

Fang

et al. 2000

J. Electron. Mater.

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In this paper, the correlation between the electrochromic performance and the surface morphology of the tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ) thin films sputtered by dc reactive magnetron sputtering with widely varying target-substrate distances was investigated. It is found that the optical density change (∆OD) of films is strongly affected by the target-substrate distance. The coloration efficiency (CE) at 633 nm was also found to be sensitive to the target-substrate distance, with 16 cm 2 /C of film sputtered at 6 cm and 50 cm 2 /C at 18 cm. X-ray diffraction showed that the crystal structure of films was amorphous. By using atomic force microscope to identify the surface porosity of the sputtered WO 3 films, we found that the film at longer target-substrate distance was rough, porous, and having a cone-shaped columns morphology, thus offering a good electrochromic performance for opto-switching applications.

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“…24 The amorphous and low crystallinity WO 3 film possessed high surface energy that dissolved easily during hydrothermal reaction in the acidic aqueous solution. 25,26 The XRD patterns of the samples after hydrothermal reaction are shown in Figure 2. No peaks were detected for anodic-HT and anodic-200-HT, indicating amorphous behavior.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A WO₃Nanoporous-Nanorod Film Formed by Hydrothermal Growth of Nanorods on Anodized Nanoporous Substrate

Razak

Lockman

2015

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) nanoporous-nanorod film was produced for the first time by hydrothermally growing WO 3 nanorods on nanoporous WO 3 substrate. The nanoporous substrates were prepared using the anodization method; hydrothermal reaction was performed on as-anodized and annealed (200-500 • C) nanoporous substrates for nanorod growth. The as-anodized substrate and the substrates annealed at ≤300 • C dissolved after hydrothermal reaction because of the amorphous and low crystallinity behaviors of the WO 3 substrates. However, the substrates annealed at ≥400 • C did not dissolve during the hydrothermal reaction; instead, nanorods were grown on the substrates, forming a nanoporous-nanorod structure. The WO 3 nanoporous-nanorod film (nanorods grown on substrate annealed at 400 • C) showed good electrochromic properties with high current density (−13.22 and +7.30 mA cm −2 ), good cycling stability, and short coloring (∼6 s) and bleaching (∼3.4 s) times. These good properties are attributed to the combination of two nanostructures (nanoporous and nanorods) that contributed to a large WO 3 surface area. Tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) is a well-known electrochromic material that has the ability to reversibly change color between colorless and blue with the application of electric potential. One of the important criteria to obtain good electrochromic property is the large surface area of the electrochromic material. A large surface area increases the interaction between the electrochromic material and electrolyte (H + or Li + ), which results in faster ion and electron intercalation and de-intercalation processes. A nanostructured electrochromic material is advantageous because of its large surface area. In producing nanostructured WO 3 films, all reported research works have yielded single nanostructured WO 3 film; no combination of WO 3 nanostructures in a film has been reported. The combination of two WO 3 nanostructures is postulated to exhibit the unique properties of both nanostructures, thereby enhancing the electrochromic properties. A WO 3 film comprising two nanostructures is introduced in this work. WO 3 nanorods were grown on a nanoporous WO 3 substrate to form a WO 3 nanoporous-nanorod film. The combination of these structures is hypothesized to produce good electrochromic properties, as the resulting structure possesses a large total surface area of WO 3 (open nanoporous structure and one-dimensional nanorods), which allows more ion and electron intercalation to occur.Porous WO 3 can be synthesized by template-assisted 1 and anodization 2-4 methods. The template-assisted method could produce ordered porous WO 3 , but with large pore diameter size of ∼330 nm. This method also requires several steps to obtain the final porous WO 3 product. Synthesis is initiated by preparing polystyrene sphere monolayer colloidal crystal on a glass slide, followed by transfer of the colloidal crystal template from the glass slide onto a substrate. Tungstic acid solution is then dropped onto the template-substrate, and calcination...

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A Model for Electrochromic Tungstic Oxide Microstructure and Degradation

Cited by 128 publications

References 5 publications

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

A WO₃Nanoporous-Nanorod Film Formed by Hydrothermal Growth of Nanorods on Anodized Nanoporous Substrate

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A Model for Electrochromic Tungstic Oxide Microstructure and Degradation

Cited by 128 publications

References 5 publications

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Synthesis and electrochemical properties of V2O5 nanostructures prepared via a precipitation process for lithium-ion battery cathodes

Effects of surface porosity on tungsten trioxide(WO3) films’ electrochromic performance

A WO3Nanoporous-Nanorod Film Formed by Hydrothermal Growth of Nanorods on Anodized Nanoporous Substrate

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A WO₃Nanoporous-Nanorod Film Formed by Hydrothermal Growth of Nanorods on Anodized Nanoporous Substrate