A model for mild steel oxidation in CO2

Gibbs, G. B.

doi:10.1007/bf00610578

Cited by 120 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Between 450 • C and 550 • C the formation of dense protective magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) has been reported (Surman, 1973). Other authors observed the formation of a non protective duplex layer containing Fe 3 O 4 and carbon (Surman, 1973;Gibbs, 1973;Rowlands et al, 1975). In the case of non protective layers local cracks or pores allow the formation of a local Boudouard equilibrium at the steel oxide interface.…”

Section: Temperature Above 200 • Cmentioning

confidence: 88%

The challenge in understanding the corrosion mechanisms under oxyfuel combustion conditions

Kranzmann

Neddemeyer

Ruhl

et al. 2011

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

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Section: Temperature Above 200 • Cmentioning

confidence: 88%

The challenge in understanding the corrosion mechanisms under oxyfuel combustion conditions

Kranzmann

Neddemeyer

Ruhl

et al. 2011

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

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“…Once arrived at the oxide/metal interface, the oxygen-bearing molecules react with the metallic elements to form the inner spinel oxide and release its linked atom H, S, C or Pb. Past studies have inferred that this porosity exists in channel form with a nanometric diameter size [23,24]. Depending on the study and the authors, the nanochannel network would be due to either cracks formed through the oxide layer because of oxide growth stresses [21,23,[25][26][27][28] or would result from oxide dissociation over voids formed at the oxide/metal interface by vacancies condensation [29,30].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Duplex Oxide Layer Formation On T91mentioning

confidence: 97%

Corrosion of 9Cr Steel in CO2 at Intermediate Temperature I: Mechanism of Void-Induced Duplex Oxide Formation

et al. 2011

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Under CO 2 exposure at an intermediate temperature, typically 550°C, 9Cr-1Mo steel forms a duplex oxide scale made of an outer magnetite layer and an almost-as-thick inner Fe-Cr rich spinel oxide layer. It is proposed that the inner Fe-Cr spinel layer grows according to a mechanism involving void formation at the oxide/ metal interface. The driving force for pore formation is the outward magnetite growth: iron vacancies are injected at the oxide/metal interface then condense into voids. The fresh metallic surface made available is then oxidized by CO 2 , which diffuses fast through the scale. The physical aspects, the integrity and the nature of the scale are shown to be very dependent on the oxygen potential existing in the environment.

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“…According to the Boudouard equilibrium of reaction (2), such an increase corresponds to higher values of a C . The observed [105] precipitation of graphite within an iron oxide scale grown in CO 2 is thereby explained, and the possibility of substrate dusting by this mechanism is recognised.…”

Section: The Influence Of Surface Oxides On Metal Dustingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances in understanding metal dusting: A review

Young

Zhang

Geers

et al. 2011

Materials & Corrosion

127

101

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Recent experimental investigations have widened the understanding of metal dusting significantly. Microscopic observations have been used to dissect dusting mechanisms. Iron dusts by growing a cementite surface scale, which catalyses graphite nucleation and growth. The resulting volume expansion leads to cementite disintegration. Cementite formation on iron can be suppressed by alloying with germanium. Nonetheless, dusting occurs via the direct growth of graphite into the metal, producing nanoparticles of ferrite. This process is faster, because carbon diffusion is more rapid in a-Fe than in Fe 3 C. Austenitic materials cannot form cementite, and dust via formation of graphite at external surfaces and interior grain boundaries. The coke deposit consists of carbon nanotubes with austenite particles at their tips, or graphite particles encapsulating austenite. TEM studies demonstrate the inward growth of graphite within the metal interior. It is therefore concluded that the dusting mechanism of austenitic materials like high alloy Cr-Ni steels and Ni base materials is one of graphite nucleation and growth within the near surface metal. In all alloys examined, both ferritic and austenitic, the principal mass transfer process is inward diffusion of carbon. Alloying iron with nickel leads to a transformation from one mechanism with carbide formation to the other without. Copper alloying in nickel and high nickel content stainless steels strongly suppresses graphite nucleation, as does also an intermetallic Ni-Sn phase, thereby reducing greatly the overall dusting rate. A surface layer of intermetallic Ni-Sn Fe-base materials facilitates the formation of a Fe 3 SnC surface scale which also prevents coking and metal dusting. Current understanding of the roles of temperature, gas composition and surface oxides on dusting rates are summarised. Finally, protection against metal dusting by coatings is discussed in terms of their effects on catalysis of carbon deposition, and on protective oxide formation.

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A model for mild steel oxidation in CO2

Cited by 120 publications

References 11 publications

The challenge in understanding the corrosion mechanisms under oxyfuel combustion conditions

The challenge in understanding the corrosion mechanisms under oxyfuel combustion conditions

Corrosion of 9Cr Steel in CO2 at Intermediate Temperature I: Mechanism of Void-Induced Duplex Oxide Formation

Recent advances in understanding metal dusting: A review

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