A Model for SSTDR Signal Propagation Through Photovoltaic Strings

Ellis, Hunter; Saleh, Mashad Uddin; Kingston, Samuel; Harley, Joel B.; Scarpulla, Michael A.; Benoit, Evan; Furse, Cynthia

doi:10.1109/jphotov.2020.3023801

Cited by 8 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Reflectometry is a nondestructive technique to remotely detect, locate, and characterize useful information in physical systems. It has been used extensively in electrical systems to locate electrical “opens” or “shorts” [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ], locate cable insulation break down [ 7 ], detect electrical system degradation [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], locate ground and arc faults [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ], locate damaged components in photovoltaic (PV) systems [ 12 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ], remotely measure complex impedance [ 17 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], locate intermittent faults that only occur during normal operation [ 3 , 4 , 8 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 ], and locate faults in three phase systems [ 27 ]. In material science, reflectometry has been used to characterize nanostructures, optical fiber networks, waveguides, and dielectrics [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been used in airplane cabling where it has been able to detect intermittent faults lasting a few milliseconds [ 47 ]. Application has also been seen in power systems [ 27 , 57 , 58 ], PV systems [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 15 , 16 , 18 , 59 , 60 ], undersea cabling [ 61 ], and railroad systems [ 49 , 62 , 63 ]. It has been proposed that SSTDR could be used in battery health monitoring [ 64 ] and cable degradation monitoring [ 65 ].…”

Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to analytically evaluate how SSTDR will work in various PV arrangements, simulation engines have been developed to predict the SSTDR response. Three general methods have been used for this analysis—time domain solvers (e.g., the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method) [ 114 , 138 ], graph network theory [ 139 ], and frequency domain solvers such as the systematic solution procedure (SSP) [ 16 , 140 ]. Full simulations that consider the lengths and impedances of cables and elements within the system have been developed for PV [ 16 , 138 ], multiconductor transmission lines above a ground plane [ 141 ], ground faults [ 14 ], line-to-line faults, and open-circuit faults.…”

Section: Sstdr Signal Processing Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Three general methods have been used for this analysis—time domain solvers (e.g., the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method) [ 114 , 138 ], graph network theory [ 139 ], and frequency domain solvers such as the systematic solution procedure (SSP) [ 16 , 140 ]. Full simulations that consider the lengths and impedances of cables and elements within the system have been developed for PV [ 16 , 138 ], multiconductor transmission lines above a ground plane [ 141 ], ground faults [ 14 ], line-to-line faults, and open-circuit faults. Simulated “digital twins” can be used to evaluate how various analysis algorithms will work or can be used directly within the algorithms themselves (as in dictionary matching).…”

Section: Sstdr Signal Processing Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Kingston

Benoit

Edun

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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Sequence time-domain reflectometry (STDR) and spread spectrum time-domain reflectometry (SSTDR) detect, locate, and diagnose faults in live (energized) electrical systems. In this paper, we survey the present SSTDR literature for discussions on theory, algorithms used in its analysis, and its more prominent implementations and applications. Our review includes both scientific litera-ture and selected patents. We also discuss future applications of SSTDR.

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Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reflectometrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sstdr Signal Processing Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sstdr Signal Processing Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Kingston

Benoit

Edun

et al. 2021

Sensors

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…The initial condition vector v (0) (ω) only contains values at one node, representing the SSTDR device. For this paper, the initial conditions across frequency are modeled after the output of an Arnold SSTDR device from LiveWire Innovation, which transmits a PN code where the chip rate and the modulation frequency f m = 24 MHz, and the sampling rate f s is 96 MHz (4f m ) [21]. Therefore, the frequency range of the SSTDR is from −48 MHz to +48 MHz.…”

Section: Simulating the Full Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (Sstdr) Digital Twin Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems for Fault Detection and Location

Kingston¹,

Flamme²,

Saleh³

et al. 2021

PIER B

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Utilizing spread spectrum time domain reflectometry (SSTDR) to detect, locate, and characterize faults in photovoltaic (PV) systems is examined in this paper. We present a method to obtain the model parameters that are needed to produce digital twin SSTDR responses for PV systems. The digital twin SSTDR responses could be used to predict faults within the PV systems. The model parameters are the reflection and transmission coefficients at each impedance discontinuity in the PV system along with the propagation coefficients across each PV cable segment. We obtain model parameter by applying inverse modeling techniques to experimental SSTDR data associated with PV systems. Our model parameters can be used in any digital twin simulation method for modeling reflectometry in frequency-dependent and complex loads. For validation, we used the model parameters in a graph network simulation engine and adapted it to be used for SSTDR digital twin simulations in PV systems. We produced simulations for 0 to 10 PV modules connected in series. We also simulated SSTDR responses for open circuit disconnections in a PV setup containing 10 PV modules in series. Results show that all but one simulated disconnect locations match experimental disconnection locations of the same setup with an error of less than 5%.

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Advanced impedance mismatch technique for detecting faults in photovoltaic systems

Lamdihine,

Ouassaid

2024

Energy Science & Engineering

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This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the Advanced Impedance Mismatch Technique (AIMT), a novel approach designed for the accurate detection of simultaneous and varied faults within photovoltaic (PV) systems. This investigation integrates a spectrum of fault detection strategies, pinpointing reflectometry as a notably effective tool. Despite its utility, conventional reflectometry applications face critical constraints, notably the limitation to identify only the primary fault location within a PV array and the inability to distinguish between different fault types. This work introduces an innovative mathematical model that estimates the impedance of PV modules, enhancing the reflectometry method to enable the precise identification and localization of multiple defective modules within a string. The proposed technique exhibits a remarkable sensitivity to detect slight impedance differences between a functional PV string and one with defective modules. The validity of the AIMT's mathematical model is corroborated through simulation experiments on a string of seven PV modules afflicted with multiple simultaneous faults. These experiments rigorously evaluate the technique's accuracy in pinpointing the locations of defective modules within a PV string. The outcomes of our proposed ‐times faster AIMT reveal a strong concordance between the simulated reflective signals and the impedance values forecasted by the model, highlighting the proposed method's proficiency in the detailed detection and diagnosis of progressive faults within PV systems.

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A Model for SSTDR Signal Propagation Through Photovoltaic Strings

Cited by 8 publications

References 28 publications

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

A SSTDR Methodology, Implementations, and Challenges

Spread Spectrum Time Domain Reflectometry (Sstdr) Digital Twin Simulation of Photovoltaic Systems for Fault Detection and Location

Advanced impedance mismatch technique for detecting faults in photovoltaic systems

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