A model for the estimation of the cost of use of Li-Ion batteries in residential storage applications integrated with PV panels

Abstract

The increasing penetration of intermittent Renewable Energy Sources (RES) such as PV generators in the residential distribution grid raises technical concerns. Residential energy storage is an enabling technology for mitigating the adverse effects of the increasing RES penetration and provides the necessary flexibility for its owner to participate in electricity markets or in market-based control schemes. This paper presents a model for calculating the "cost of use" for Li-Ion batteries. The cost of use depends on the usage pattern of the battery, indicated by the Depth of Discharge (DoD). Knowledge of the "cost of use" is needed for the economic optimization of the PV-storage system and the bid formulation in the electricity market.

Optimal sizing and dispatch schedule of battery storage in grid-connected microgrid

“…Cost of cyclic loss, thus, is a product of cyclic loss and battery investment cost as written in Equation 9. Meanwhile, calendric loss depends on the battery operating temperature and idle time [9] which its cost is formulated in Equation 10. Total battery usage cost is a sum of cyclic and calendric aging cost as in Equation 11.…”

“…Figure 3 shows the electricity price in the Netherlands, which is a dayahead based price. Demand charge of 8.805 kW/month is also applied in this study [9] [7], [10]. An annual discount rate of 4% is used for simulation [11].…”

Robust optimisation for deciding on real‐time flexibility of storage‐integrated photovoltaic units controlled by intelligent software agents

“…These costs should be taken into account, as the state of health (SoH) of the battery deteriorates with each charging and discharging action. While several methods to define these costs have been proposed [36][37][38][39], they are either empirical or they are based on specific materials and architectures which do not apply for all technologies (from Li-ion technology to other battery technology). However, in general they relate the deterioration of the SoH to the change in the DoD of the battery after the charging or discharging action.…”

Optimization of Standalone Microgrid’s Operation Considering Battery Degradation Cost

“…Depending upon the use, battery performance degrades over years and its capacity decreases. Degradation of BSS is majorly due to calendrical aging and cyclic aging [8,9]. Calendrical aging occurs when BSS is not in use and is affected by the cell temperature and potential of the battery, i.e., SOC of the battery.…”