A model for the rheology of particle‐bearing suspensions and partially molten rocks

Costa, Antonio; Caricchi, Luca; Bagdassarov, N.

doi:10.1029/2008gc002138

Cited by 347 publications

(382 citation statements)

References 49 publications

(118 reference statements)

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“…Note that under the extreme conditions of the MO, it is unclear whether τMSS < τCS, or τMSS > τCS. In the former case (Ia), crystals remain entrained in the MO, but any mushy layers at the base of the MO should undergo efficient melt-solid segregation as soon as the rheological transition at crystal fractions of ~60% is reached (Abe, 1995;Arzi, 1978;Costa et al, 2009). In the latter case (Ib), crystals sink to the base of the MO, but efficient compaction of the orthocumulate layer (that consists of these crystals and interstitial MO liquid)…”

Section: Magma-ocean Freezing and Cumulate Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle

Ballmer

Lourenço

Hirose

et al. 2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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Terrestrial planets are thought to experience episode(s) of large‐scale melting early in their history. Fractionation during magma‐ocean freezing leads to unstable stratification within the related cumulate layers due to progressive iron enrichment upward, but the effects of incremental cumulate overturns during MO crystallization remain to be explored. Here, we use geodynamic models with a moving‐boundary approach to study convection and mixing within the growing cumulate layer, and thereafter within the fully crystallized mantle. For fractional crystallization, cumulates are efficiently stirred due to subsequent incremental overturns, except for strongly iron‐enriched late‐stage cumulates, which persist as a stably stratified layer at the base of the mantle for billions of years. Less extreme crystallization scenarios can lead to somewhat more subtle stratification. In any case, the long‐term preservation of at least a thin layer of extremely enriched cumulates with Fe# > 0.4, as predicted by all our models, is inconsistent with seismic constraints. Based on scaling relationships, however, we infer that final‐stage Fe‐rich magma‐ocean cumulates originally formed near the surface should have overturned as small diapirs, and hence undergone melting and reaction with the host rock during sinking. The resulting moderately iron‐enriched metasomatized/hybrid rock assemblages should have accumulated at the base of the mantle, potentially fed an intermittent basal magma ocean, and be preserved through the present‐day. Such moderately iron‐enriched rock assemblages can reconcile the physical properties of the large low shear‐wave velocity provinces in the present‐day lower mantle. Thus, we reveal Hadean melting and rock‐reaction processes by integrating magma‐ocean crystallization models with the seismic‐tomography snapshot.

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Section: Magma-ocean Freezing and Cumulate Fractionationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle

Ballmer

Lourenço

Hirose

et al. 2017

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Other experiments were conducted on synthetic magmas at high temperature and pressure (Caricchi et al, 2007), which were then built into a 355 model that considered the influence of crystals on a suspension viscosity (Costa et al, 2009). For consistency, we have accounted for the effect of crystals (and bubbles) on the relative viscosity (η r cr ) using the equations of Mader et al (2013), which are mainly based on Mueller et al (2010aMueller et al ( , 2011.…”

Section: Rheology Of a Melt-crystal Suspensionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The relative effect of bubbles on a melt has been well characterised by experiments on analogue 40 and natural samples (Bagdassarov andDingwell, 1992, 1993;Bagdassarov et al, 1994;Manga et al, 1998;Lejeune et al, 1999;Manga and Loewenberg, 2001;Llewellin et al, 2002a,b;Rust and Manga, 2002;Pal, 2003;Llewellin and Manga, 2005). These authors showed that bubble shape is strongly controlled by strain rate, which in turn affects the viscosity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rheology experiments on natural samples have largely focussed on basalts (e.g., Ishibashi and Sato, 2007;Villeneuve et al, 2008;Ishibashi, 2009;Vona et al, 2011) or rhyolites (e.g., Bagdassarov andDingwell, 1992, 1993;Bagdassarov et al, 1994), two end member compositions. A small number of studies have examined the multi-phase rheology of trachyte at high pressure and temperature (e.g., Caricchi et al, 2008;Picard et al, 2011Picard et al, , 2013Vona et al, 2013).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Rheological controls on the eruption potential and style of an andesite volcano: A case study from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand

Kilgour

Mader

Blundy

et al. 2016

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. AbstractThe evolving magma rheology of three recent Ruapehu eruptions (1969, 1977, and 1995) is estimated using a combination of thermodynamic models and rheological calculations, supported by textural observations of the erupted scoria. We use a well-established thermodynamic model to determine the composition of these representative Ruapehu magmas from 300 MPa to ∼ 30MPa. The outputs of the model provide the changing crystal and bubble content in a closed system (assuming no gas loss), as well as the fractionating melt compositions. We calculate the melt viscosity, and the effect of bubbles and crystals, to quantify the rheology of the magma during ascent (under assumed equilibrium conditions). The moderately high phenocryst content of Ruapehu scoria (∼ 30 %) means that only a small amount of additional microlite crystallisation (∼ 5 %) would result in a yield strength, which may lead the magma to stall. However, if the strain rates are high enough, more crystallisation would be possible without developing a yield stress. This suggests that microlite-rich magmas are almost certain to stall unless they encounter significant fluid addition from a source such as a hydrothermal system, groundwater, or surface water (i.e., Ruapehu's Crater Lake).Ruapehu magmas are initially H 2 O-undersaturated and as a consequence, crystallisation and bubble growth were suppressed until the magma achieved saturation, at ∼ 100 to 50 MPa.From this analysis, we suggest that Ruapehu magmas are more likely to erupt compared to magmas of a similar composition that are H 2 O-saturated. This partly explains the regular, albeit small-volume eruptions at Ruapehu and the propensity for phreatomagmatic eruptions when the magma:water ratio is low.

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“…Etna eruptive style, in this study we combine two empirical models that allow us to account for the variation of silicate melt viscosity in the T (temperature)-X (composition)-H 2 O space and for the non-Newtonian rheological effects due to the presence of crystals in strained magmas (Costa et al, 2009). These models are applied to calculate the viscosity of volcanic products discharged during selected eruptive episodes of the January-June 2000 Mt.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological control on the dynamics of explosive activity in the 2000 summit eruption of Mt. Etna

et al. 2010

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Abstract. In the period from January to June 2000 Mt. Etna exhibited an exceptional explosive activity characterized by a succession of 64 Strombolian and fire-fountaining episodes from the summit South-East Crater. Textural analysis of the eruptive products reveals that the magma associated with the Strombolian phases had a much larger crystal content (>55 vol%) with respect to the magma discharged during the firefountain phases (∼35 vol%). Rheological modelling shows that the crystal-rich magma falls in a region beyond a critical crystal content where small addition of solid particles causes an exponential increase of the effective magma viscosity. When implemented into the modeling of steady magma ascent dynamics (as assumed for the fire-fountain activity), a large crystal content as the one found for products of Strombolian eruption phases results in a one order of magnitude decrease of mass flow-rate, and in the onset of conditions where small heterogeneities in the solid fraction carried by the magma translate into highly unsteady eruption dynamics. We argue that crystallization on top of the magmatic column during the intermediate phases when magma was not discharged favoured conditions corresponding to Strombolian activity, with fire-fountain activity resuming after removal of the highly crystalline top. The numerical simulations also provide a consistent interpretation of the association between fire-fountain activity and emergence of lava flows from the crater flanks.

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A model for the rheology of particle‐bearing suspensions and partially molten rocks

Cited by 347 publications

References 49 publications

Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle

Reconciling magma‐ocean crystallization models with the present‐day structure of the Earth's mantle

Rheological controls on the eruption potential and style of an andesite volcano: A case study from Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand

Rheological control on the dynamics of explosive activity in the 2000 summit eruption of Mt. Etna

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