A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats

Tanvir, E. M.; Afroz, Rizwana; Chowdhury, M. A. Z.; Gan, Siew Hua; Karim, Nurul; Islam, Md. Nazrul; Khalil, Marjana

doi:10.1177/0960327115614384

Cited by 66 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(102 reference statements)

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“…The release of these enzymes could further lead to hepatic necrosis and inflammatory reactions. The elevation in ALT activity level observed in the present study in rats chronically exposed to CPF agrees with the findings from previous studies in laboratory animals (Yoshida et al, 1985;Tanvir et al, 2015Tanvir et al, , 2016. Similarly, results obtained from a study involving pesticide sprayers have shown high liver enzyme activities in the serum of these subjects (Patil et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Oxidative stress involvement in chronic chlorpyrifos-induced hepatocellular injury: Alleviating effect of vitamin C

2018

Savannah Vet J

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Introduction: Chlorpyrifos (CPF), a phosphorothionate chlorinated organophosphate (OP) insecticide is widely used in agriculture and public health. Like other OP insecticides, its main mechanism of toxicity is the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leading to cholinergic syndrome. Since toxicity occurs at doses that do not inhibit AChE or long after its restoration, other mechanisms including the induction of oxidative stress have been widely implicated. The present study was aimed at evaluating the mitigating effect of vitamin C on CPF-induced hepatocellular injury in Wistar rats. Methods: Twenty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups of five animals in each group. The four groups were exposed by gavage to soya oil (2 ml/kg), vitamin C (100 mg/kg), CPF (10.6 mg/kg~1/8th LD50) and vitamin C (100 mg/kg) + CPF (10.6 mg/kg; 30 min later), respectively for 17 weeks. The sera obtained from blood samples collected from the animals were analysed for the levels of total proteins, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), g-glutamyl transferase (GGT) while globulin concentration and albumin/globulin ratio were calculated. The liver homogenate was evaluated for the levels of malonaldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and histological changes. Results: The study showed that CPF altered the levels of the serum hepatic enzymes, hepatic MDA SOD and CAT, in addition to inducing hepatocellular degeneration. All these parameters were alleviated by pretreatment with vitamin C. Significance: CPF-induced hepatocellular injury which was partly due to oxidative changes was mitigated by vitamin C partly due to its antioxidative activity.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Oxidative stress involvement in chronic chlorpyrifos-induced hepatocellular injury: Alleviating effect of vitamin C

2018

Savannah Vet J

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“…As insulin is an important regulatory factor of lipid metabolism [ 36 ], one can assume that an alteration in insulin secretion perhaps modified the triglyceride content. Other mechanisms can also contribute to the disturbance of triglyceride synthesis, notably the ones targeting adipose tissue and/or liver signaling that are essential for homeostasis regulation [ 37 , 38 ]. We recently reported that CPF exposure increased para-cellular permeability in the small intestine [ 39 ] and delayed intestinal epithelial maturation [ 25 ], which may suggest a modification of intestinal absorption of triglycerides in the blood stream.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inulin Supplementation Lowered the Metabolic Defects of Prolonged Exposure to Chlorpyrifos from Gestation to Young Adult Stage in Offspring Rats

et al. 2016

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Increasing evidence indicates that chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorus insecticide, is involved in metabolic disorders. We assess the hypothesis whether supplementation with prebiotics from gestation to adulthood, through a modulation of microbiota composition and fermentative activity, alleviates CPF induced metabolic disorders of 60 days old offspring. 5 groups of Wistar rats, from gestation until weaning, received two doses of CPF pesticide: 1 mg/kg/day (CPF1) or 3.5 mg/kg/day (CPF3.5) with free access to inulin (10g/L in drinking water). Then male pups received the same treatment as dams. Metabolic profile, leptin sensitivity, insulin receptor (IR) expression in liver, gut microbiota composition and short chain fatty acid composition (SCFAs) in the colon, were analyzed at postnatal day 60 in the offspring (PND 60). CPF3.5 increased offspring’s birth body weight (BW) but decreased BW at PND60. Inulin supplementation restored the BW at PND 60 to control levels. Hyperinsulinemia and decrease in insulin receptor β in liver were seen in CPF1 exposed rats. In contrast, hyperglycemia and decrease in insulin level were found in CPF3.5 rats. Inulin restored the levels of some metabolic parameters in CPF groups to ranges comparable with the controls. The total bacterial population, short chain fatty acid (SCFA) production and butyrate levels were enhanced in CPF groups receiving inulin. Our data indicate that developmental exposure to CPF interferes with metabolism with dose related effects evident at adulthood. By modulating microbiota population and fermentative activity, inulin corrected adult metabolic disorders of rats exposed to CPF during development. Prebiotics supply may be thus considered as a novel nutritional strategy to counteract insulin resistance and diabetes induced by a continuous pesticide exposure.

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“…The relatively long half-life of TCPy might be related to the much higher lipophilicity of chlorpyrifos and CP-me (with log K ow of 4.96 and 4.13, Table S2) than TCPy (with log K ow of 1.22). As reported by animal experiments, chlorpyrifos can concentrate in the body tissues of rats, particularly in adipose tissues (Tanvir et al, 2015). Therefore, in addition to those eliminated as urinary TCPy, chlorpyrifos (or CP-me) exposed in farmers might also concentrate in human body tissues, which weakening the increase in the urinary levels of chlorpyrifos and CP-me.…”

Section: Elimination Rate Of Chlorpyrifos In Farmers After Pesticide mentioning

confidence: 91%

Chlorpyrifos exposure in farmers and urban adults: Metabolic characteristic, exposure estimation, and potential effect of oxidative damage

Wang

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2016

Environmental Research

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Chlorpyrifos is a widely used organophosphorus pesticide that efficiently protects crops against pests. However, recent studies suggest that severe exposure to chlorpyrifos may present adverse health effects in human. To analyze the exposure level and metabolic characteristics of chlorpyrifos pesticide in urban adults and farmers with/without occupation pesticide contact, the occurrence of urinary chlorpyrifos and methyl chlorpyrifos (CP-me), as well as their metabolite, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy), was determined in farmers of an agricultural village in China, and in urban adults of a nearby town. The geometric mean (GM) concentrations of TCPy, which is the major marker of chlorpyrifos exposure, were 4.29 and 7.57μg/g-creatinine in urban adults and farmers before pesticide application, respectively. Chlorpyrifos spraying significantly increased the concentrations of urinary TCPy. In the first day after spraying, a GM concentration of 43.7μg/g-creatinine was detected in the urine specimens from farmers, which decreased to 38.1 and 22.8μg/g-creatinine in the second and third day after chlorpyrifos spraying. The ratio of TCPy and its parent compounds, i.e. chlorpyrifos and CP-me, was positively associated with the sum concentration of urinary chlorpyrifos, CP-me, and TCPy, suggesting the increasing metabolic efficiency of chlorpyrifos to TCPy at higher chlorpyrifos exposure levels. To estimate the farmers' occupational exposure to chlorpyrifos pesticide, a new model based on the fitted first-order elimination kinetics of TCPy was established. Occupational chlorpyrifos exposure in a farmer was estimated to be 3.70μg/kg-bw/day (GM), which is an exposure level that is higher than the recommended guideline levels. Significant increase of urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was observed on the first day after chlorpyrifos spraying, which indicates a potential oxidative damage in farmers. However, urinary 8-OHdG returned to its baseline level within two days.

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A model of chlorpyrifos distribution and its biochemical effects on the liver and kidneys of rats

Cited by 66 publications

References 57 publications

Oxidative stress involvement in chronic chlorpyrifos-induced hepatocellular injury: Alleviating effect of vitamin C

Oxidative stress involvement in chronic chlorpyrifos-induced hepatocellular injury: Alleviating effect of vitamin C

Inulin Supplementation Lowered the Metabolic Defects of Prolonged Exposure to Chlorpyrifos from Gestation to Young Adult Stage in Offspring Rats

Chlorpyrifos exposure in farmers and urban adults: Metabolic characteristic, exposure estimation, and potential effect of oxidative damage

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