A Model of Longwave Irradiance for Use with Surface Observations

Lind, Richard J.; Katsaros, Kristina B.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1982)021<1015:amolif>2.0.co;2

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…After further analysis, Josey et al [2003] found that both the Bignami and Clark formulae are not capable of consistently reliable estimates and proposed a new parameterization, which gave a mean bias error with respect to the measurements of −1.3 Wm −2 . However, they agree with Lind and Katsaros [1982] advising the use of radiation transfer models when the necessary data are available. Schiano et al [2000] argued that a single bulk formula with constant numerical coefficients is unable to reproduce the fluxes at the surface for all seasons and all climatic regions.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Seasonal heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2005

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We calculate the monthly components of the Mediterranean Sea heat budget, namely the net shortwave, net longwave, latent, sensible heat fluxes, and heat storage change, for years 1984–2000. The radiative components of the seasonal heat budget are derived by a radiation transfer model, while in most other studies bulk formulae are used. A variety of data are required to run the model, among which are cloud data from International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) D2 data set, aerosol data from Global Aerosol Data Set (GADS), temperature and humidity from National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re‐Analysis (ERA‐40), and oceanographical data from Mediterranean Data Archaeology and Rescue (MEDAR) MEDATLAS database and the World Ocean Atlas 2001. We compare two methods for the estimation of the monthly latent heat flux and evaporation: the bulk aerodynamic and the heat balance. The average annual evaporation rate for the Mediterranean Sea, based on the heat balance method, is estimated at 1500 ± 190 mm yr−1. The bulk aerodynamic method produces estimates of the annual evaporation rate in the range 1060–1280 mm yr−1, depending on the source of the input data. The analysis of the heat content shows that the solar heat absorbed by the sea during summer is redistributed to winter evaporation via heat storage by the sea. Thus the peak evaporation occurs in winter and is mainly driven by energy released (100–150 Wm−2) from sea heat storage.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Seasonal heat budget of the Mediterranean Sea

et al. 2005

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“…Because of scarceness of radiation measurements they were originally supplemented with radiation calculated from cloudiness observations using formulae based on a method by Lind and Katsaros () and Iqbal (), which was further modified for Finnish conditions (Venäläinen and Heikinheimo, , ; Venäläinen et al , ; Venäläinen and Kangas, ). The number of synoptic stations reporting cloudiness reduced recently, however, with the consequence that interpolated radiation fields based on synoptic observations are no longer usable.…”

Section: Operational Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

RoadSurf: a modelling system for predicting road weather and road surface conditions

2015

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Forecasting of road surface and traffic conditions is an important aspect of traffic safety and winter road maintenance, especially in the harsh northern climate. The weather conditions can change quickly, for example, with the onset of snowfall or during rapid temperature variations. A prior knowledge of road weather is important from a public road safety standpoint. Proper consideration of upcoming weather events also helps the road maintenance authorities to attend the roads in an effective and economical manner. In Finland, the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) is duty bound to issue warnings of hazardous traffic conditions to the general public. To strengthen these services towards more efficient estimation of rapidly varying conditions of the road surface at a national scale, a simulation model, RoadSurf, has been developed. As input, the model employs numerical weather forecasts, either directly or after modifications made by meteorologists, as well as observations from synoptic or road weather stations and radar precipitation measurement network. As output, the model produces not only road surface temperature, but also road surface condition classification and a traffic index describing the driving conditions in more general terms, as well as road surface friction. The model has been in operational use since 2000. In addition to the original goal of providing road weather forecasts for the national road network, the model has been used in several other applications, for example, in predicting pedestrian sidewalk conditions and in numerous intelligent traffic applications. The present study describes the road weather model RoadSurf and its main applications.

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“…The actual cloud emittance is derived from a look-up table with inputs of cloud optical depth, cloud top height, and cloud fraction. The look-up table is from Schmetz et al (1986) and is based on the work of Cox (1976), Lind and Katsaros (1982), and Platt and Bartusek (1974). The cloud base temperature is the most difficult parameter to determine.…”

Section: Cloud Contributionmentioning

confidence: 99%