A Model of School Problems, Academic Failure, Alcohol Initiation, and the Relationship to Adult Heroin Injection

Trenz, Rebecca C.; Harrell, Paul T.; Scherer, Michael; Mancha, Brent E.; Latimer, William W.

doi:10.3109/10826084.2012.686142

Cited by 15 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…41 Academic failures may also cause changes in peer groups, placing the individual with ADHD in social settings with others who have experienced school problems and are at a higher risk of alcohol and drug use. 42 48,49 although optimal duration of medication treatment has not been established. Maintaining children on medication while symptoms persist and monitoring for adverse effects seems to be a reasonable approach.…”

Section: Exploring the Biological And Environmental Basis Of The Relamentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Harstad¹,

Levy²,

Ammerman³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

107

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use disorders are inextricably intertwined. Children with ADHD are more likely than peers to develop substance use disorders. Treatment with stimulants may reduce the risk of substance use disorders, but stimulants are a class of medication with significant abuse and diversion potential. The objectives of this clinical report were to present practical strategies for reducing the risk of substance use disorders in patients with ADHD and suggestions for safe stimulant prescribing.

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Section: Exploring the Biological And Environmental Basis Of The Relamentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Harstad¹,

Levy²,

Ammerman³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

107

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…While these studies have yielded important insights into motivations, risk factors, and drug-specific experiences related to uptake of injection (Ahamad et al, 2014; Bryant and Treloar, 2007; Chami et al, 2013; Cheng et al, 2006; Day et al, 2005; Doherty et al, 2000; Eaves, 2004; Feng et al, 2013; Fuller et al, 2005, 2001, 2003, 2002; Goldsamt et al, 2010; Kermode et al, 2009, 2007; Lankenau et al, 2007, 2012, 2010; Lloyd-Smith et al, 2009; Mackesy-Amiti et al, 2013; Miller et al, 2011, 2006; Novelli et al, 2005; Ompad et al, 2005; Roy et al, 2010, 2011, 2003; Sherman et al, 2005; Small et al, 2009; Trenz et al, 2012; Valdez et al, 2007, 2011; Werb et al, 2013; Wood et al, 2008; Young and Havens, 2011; Young et al, 2014), they have not examined injection initiation extensively from the viewpoint of established PWID who often assist non-injectors into injection drug use. We know little about behaviors among established PWID that may socialize or promote uptake of injection drug use among non-injectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors associated with being asked to initiate someone into injection drug use

Bluthenthal

Wenger

Chu

et al. 2015

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Aims Injection drug use initiation typically involves an established person who injects drugs (PWID) helping the injection-naïve person to inject. Prior to initiation, PWID may be involved in behaviors that elevate injection initiation risk for non-injectors such as describing how to inject and injecting in front of injection-naïve people. In this analysis, we examine whether PWID who engage in either of these behaviors are more likely to be asked to initiate someone into drug injection. Methods Interviews with PWID (N=602) were conducted in California between 2011 and 2013. Multivariate analysis was conducted to determine factors associated with being asked to initiate someone. Results The sample was diverse in terms of age, race/ethnicity, and drug use patterns. Seventy-one percent of the sample had ever been asked to initiate someone. Being asked to initiate someone was associated with having injected in front of non-injectors (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR]=1.80, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]=1.12, 2.91), having described injection to non-injectors (AOR=3.63; 95% CI=2.07, 6.36), and doing both (AOR=9.56; 95% CI=4.43, 20.65) as compared to doing neither behavior (referent). Being male (AOR=1.73; 95% CI=1.10, 2.73) and non-injection prescription drug misuse in the last 30 days (AOR=1.69; 95% CI=1.12, 2.53) were also associated with having been asked to initiate someone. Conclusion Reducing initiation into injection drug use is an important public health goal. Intervention development to prevent injection initiation should include established PWID and focus on reducing behaviors associated with requests to initiate injection and reinforcing refusal skills and intentions among established PWID.

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“…Further, given that injection is associated with well-known negative consequences, injection drug users may be particularly impulsive and severe [33, 34]. Indeed, academic failure is associated with heroin injection severity [35] and impaired planning ability is associated with increased cocaine and heroin injection practices [36]. Thus, there is some limited evidence to suggest cognitive functioning and ROAs are differentially associated, but further research is needed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive performance profiles by latent classes of drug use

et al. 2014

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Background and Objectives The relationship between substance use and cognitive deficits is complex and requires innovative methods to enhance understanding. The present study is the first to use LCA to examine associations of drug use patterns with cognitive performance. Methods Cocaine/heroin users (N=552) completed questionnaires, and cognitive measures. LCA identified classes based on past-month drug use and adjusted for probabilities of group membership when examining cognitive performance. Latent indicators were: alcohol (ALC), cigarettes (CIG), marijuana (MJ), crack smoking (CS), nasal heroin (NH), injection cocaine (IC), injection heroin (IH), and injection speedball (IS). Age and education were included as covariates in model creation. Results Bootstrap Likelihood Ratio Test (BLRT) supported a 5-class model. Prevalent indicators (estimated probability of over 50%) for each class are as follows: “Older Nasal Heroin/Crack Smokers” (ONH/CS, n=166.9): ALC, CIG, NH, CS; “Older, Less Educated Polysubstance” (OLEP, n=54.8): ALC, CIG, CS, IH, IC, and IS; “Younger Multi-Injectors” (MI, n=128.7): ALC, CIG, MJ, IH, IC, and IS; “Less Educated Heroin Injectors” (LEHI, n=87.4): CIG, IH; and “More Educated Nasal Heroin” users (MENH, n = ALC, CIG, NH). In general, all classes performed worse than established norms and older, less educated classes performed worse, with the exception that MENH demonstrated worse cognitive flexibility than YMI. Discussion and Conclusions This study demonstrated novel applications of a methodology for examining complicated relationships between polysubstance use and cognitive performance. Scientific Significance Education and/or nasal heroin use are associated with reduced cognitive flexibility in this sample of inner city drug users.

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A Model of School Problems, Academic Failure, Alcohol Initiation, and the Relationship to Adult Heroin Injection

Cited by 15 publications

References 60 publications

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Abuse

Factors associated with being asked to initiate someone into injection drug use

Cognitive performance profiles by latent classes of drug use

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