A model to simulate the gravitropic response and internal stresses in trees, considering the progressive maturation of wood

Pot, Guillaume; Coutand, Catherine; Toussaint, Evelyne; Cam, Jean‐Benoît Le; Saudreau, Marc

doi:10.1007/s00468-014-1033-y

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…This has important implications in formulating the mechanical problems that are specific to biomechanical models (Moulia and Fournier, 2009 ). For example, for the tree gravitropic reaction, the problem can be solved by using beam theory hypotheses but requires an incremental formulation of the problem (e.g., Fournier et al, 1994 ; Fourcaud et al, 2008 ; Coutand et al, 2011 ) to take into account the growth and shrinkage of the cell wall rest-length during wood maturation (Coutand et al, 2011 ; Pot et al, 2014 ).…”

Section: Mechanical Characteristics Of Loads and Their Heterogeneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanosensitive control of plant growth: bearing the load, sensing, transducing, and responding

2015

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As land plants grow and develop, they encounter complex mechanical challenges, especially from winds and turgor pressure. Mechanosensitive control over growth and morphogenesis is an adaptive trait, reducing the risks of breakage or explosion. This control has been mostly studied through experiments with artificial mechanical loads, often focusing on cellular or molecular mechanotransduction pathway. However, some important aspects of mechanosensing are often neglected. (i) What are the mechanical characteristics of different loads and how are loads distributed within different organs? (ii) What is the relevant mechanical stimulus in the cell? Is it stress, strain, or energy? (iii) How do mechanosensing cells signal to meristematic cells? Without answers to these questions we cannot make progress analyzing the mechanobiological effects of plant size, plant shape, tissue distribution and stiffness, or the magnitude of stimuli. This situation is rapidly changing however, as systems mechanobiology is being developed, using specific biomechanical and/or mechanobiological models. These models are instrumental in comparing loads and responses between experiments and make it possible to quantitatively test biological hypotheses describing the mechanotransduction networks. This review is designed for a general plant science audience and aims to help biologists master the models they need for mechanobiological studies. Analysis and modeling is broken down into four steps looking at how the structure bears the load, how the distributed load is sensed, how the mechanical signal is transduced, and then how the plant responds through growth. Throughout, two examples of adaptive responses are used to illustrate this approach: the thigmorphogenetic syndrome of plant shoots bending and the mechanosensitive control of shoot apical meristem (SAM) morphogenesis. Overall this should provide a generic understanding of systems mechanobiology at work.

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Section: Mechanical Characteristics Of Loads and Their Heterogeneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanosensitive control of plant growth: bearing the load, sensing, transducing, and responding

2015

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“…In addition to the obvious problem of size and duration of experiments, the equilibrium might not be reached in one growing season because of movement limitations due to the combination of the (large) bending resistance of the trunk and the (small) growth in girth [18]. It is thus likely that the coupling of the AC and ArC driving models with process-based models of the tropistic motor [14–15] will be necessary. Nevertheless, it is likely that the control by the photo- and gravitropic sensitivities is genetically encoded and constant throughout the life of a tree, so that phenotyping of juvenile trees can also be relevant for their later stages [28].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Starting with the pioneering model of Fournier et al (1994) [13], down to the most recent ones by Coutand et al [14–15], several models of tree tropisms have been designed [16–17]. All of them have combined: (i) a mechano-biological module of the perception-based driving of the differentiation of reaction wood; and (ii) a biomechanical module of the motor process to compute successive shapes of an axis though the mechanical actions of the differentiation of reaction wood and of the changes in the axis geometry and mass due to growth in girth [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This distinction between perception-based driving and motor processes is crucial: indeed, differences in gravitropic sensitivity should not be confused with differences in motor efficiencies (like the one that can be achieved with changes in trunk diameter of wood stiffness [18]). However, most of the research effort has focused on the motor module, taking into account: (i) spatial effects, i.e., asymmetric sections [18], and the heterogeneity of normal and tension wood; and (ii) time effects such as the effects of viscoelasticity and the maturation process [14–15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A method for the quantification of phototropic and gravitropic sensitivities of plants combining an original experimental device with model-assisted phenotyping: Exploratory test of the method on three hardwood tree species

Coutand¹,

Adam

Ploquin

et al. 2019

PLoS ONE

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Perception of inclination in the gravity field and perception of light direction are two important environmental signals implicated in the control of plant shape and habit. However, their quantitative study in light-grown plants remains a challenge. We present a novel method here to determine the sensitivities to gravitropism and phototropism. The method combines: (i) an original experimental device of isotropic light to disentangle gravitropic and phototropic plant responses; and (ii) model-assisted phenotyping using recent models of tropism perception—the AC model for gravitropism alone and the ArC model for gravitropism combined with phototropism. We first assessed the validity of the AC and ArC models on poplar, the classical species model for woody plants. We then tested the method on three woody species contrasted by their habit and tolerance to shade: poplar (Populus tremula*alba), oak (Quercus petraea) and beech (Fagus sylvatica). The method was found to be effective to quantitatively discriminate the tested species by their ratio of tropistic sensitivities. The method thus appears as an interesting tool to quantitatively determine tropistic sensitivities, a prerequisite for assessing the role of tropisms in the control of the variability of the habit and/or tolerance to shade of woody species in the future.

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“…Phenotypic variability is a condition for trees' survival in different conditions of growth and development. Growth responses involve both eccentric wood growth around the trunk, stiffening as wood matures, and change in the modulus of elasticity of new wood [60,[92][93][94]. According to Sellier and Fourcaud [95], however, the material properties play a limited role in tree dynamics, and architecture is more significant.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Wind Exposure on Scots Pine Trees: Within-Stem Variability of Wood Density and Mechanical Properties

Tomczak

Jelonek

Pazdrowski

et al. 2020

Forests

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Survival in variable conditions of wind exposure depends on the strategy of trees in adapting to environmental constraints. There are many studies investigating the effect of wind on the adaptation of trees, but little attention is paid to the properties of the wood, particularly within-stem variability. In the present work, an analysis was made of within-stem variability of the density and mechanical properties of Scots pine wood from parts of stands with different wind exposure (stand edge, forest interior). The research was carried out in north-western Poland, in seven selected pine stands (without other species in the canopy) aged from 82 to 87 years. In each stand, three trial plots were marked, each at a different distance from the edge of the stand. The first plot was immediately adjacent to the edge (0–20 m), the second was at a distance of 30–50 m, and the third was at a distance of 60–80 m. Generally, wind exposure, defined by the distance from the windward edge, did not significantly affect the tree morphology and wood properties. A statistically significant difference was found only for the modulus of elasticity (MOE), between stand edge and forest interior. Trees growing at a distance from the stand edge compensate for their greater stem slenderness with higher elasticity. A certain growth response to wind loads is also represented by the within-stem variability of wood. We found that within-stem variability of wood at the stand edge is higher than in the forest interior. At various points along the stem, the wood density and strength were generally higher on the eastern radius (on the leeward side of the stem). Different wind resistance requirements at the stand edge and in the interior lead to combinations of tree architecture and wood properties that enable the best resistance to wind loads.

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A model to simulate the gravitropic response and internal stresses in trees, considering the progressive maturation of wood

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Mechanosensitive control of plant growth: bearing the load, sensing, transducing, and responding

Mechanosensitive control of plant growth: bearing the load, sensing, transducing, and responding

A method for the quantification of phototropic and gravitropic sensitivities of plants combining an original experimental device with model-assisted phenotyping: Exploratory test of the method on three hardwood tree species

The Effects of Wind Exposure on Scots Pine Trees: Within-Stem Variability of Wood Density and Mechanical Properties

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