A Modification of the Burian-Allen Contact-Lens Electrode for Human Electroretinography⋆

Lawwill, Theodore; Burian, Hermann M.

doi:10.1016/0002-9394(66)90493-4

Cited by 28 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…A Lawwill-Burian contact lens, at which the reference electrode is a part of the contact lens, was used (Lawwill-Burian 1966). The ground electrode was attached to the ear-lobe.…”

Section: Apparatus and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

Wachtmeister

1973

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The effect of adaptation to short flashes of light on the oscillatory potentials and the slow potentials (a-and b-wave) of the human ERG as well as the effect on adaptometric visual threshold in response to a series of three flashes were studied. The total energy and the dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials in response to the third (stimulus) flash were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis when the interval between the flashes changed and the intensity of the first two (conditioning) flashes varied. When recorded in response to flashes given at long intervals or conditioning flashes of low intensity the visual threshold recovered to the scotopic branch of the dark adaptation curve and the oscillatory potentials showed a low energy and high frequency (around 150 Hz). On adaptation to flashes at shorter intervals and more intense conditioning flashes [above the threshold for the appearance of the photopic b-wave in response to the second (conditioning) flash], resulting in the recovery of the visual threshold to the photopic branch of the dark adaptation curve, there was an increment of energy and the frequency changed to 105-110 Hz.The slow potentials (a-and b-wave) and the oscillations were differently affected by adaptation to light by previous flashes. The oscillatory potentials showed a 10-fold gain in energy, whereas the amplitudes of the slow potentials were slightly reduced (about 10 Oio). The oscillatory potentials were optimally recorded in the mesopic range

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“…A Lawwill-Burian contact lens, at which the reference electrode is a part of the contact lens, was used (Lawwill-Burian 1966). The ground electrode was attached to the ear-lobe.…”

Section: Apparatus and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

Wachtmeister

1973

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…A contact-lens according to Lawwill-Burian (1966) with the reference electrode as a part of the contact lens was used. The ground electrode was placed on the ear lobe.…”

Section: Apparatus and Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

Wachtmeister

1973

Acta Ophthalmologica

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The thresholds and the relation to stimulus intensity of the oscillatory potentials and the slow potentials (a-and b-wave) of the human ERG were studied on adaptation to a steady background of different intensities. The total energy and dominant frequency of the oscillatory potentials were calculated by a combined impulse response and Fourier analysis when different intensity of stimulus light was used on adaptation to a maximal background illumination (about 1.5 X 103 photopic cd/m2). The curve of incremental thresholds of the oscillatory potentials shows a flat range on exposure t o background light below 1 cdim2 (the level of adaptation, at which the Purkinje shift of the b-wave occurs) before rising along a linear section. The sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials declines on adaptation to bright background illumination when the sensitivity of the cones is higher than that of the rods.The linear section of log d I (incremental threshold) vs log I (background light) does not obey the Weber-Fechner law [log d I = K log (I + ID)] but will approach Barlow's square root formula [log dI = K log (I + ID) '/PI and the line has a slope of 0.33. There is, as expected, no sign of saturation, i. e. rapid decrease in sensitivity of the oscillatory potentials on adaptation to the brightest background illumination used. Oscillatory potentials recorded just at threshold have a high frequency (about 160 Hz), but the frequency decreases (to around 120 Hz) with

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“…Their type, placement and conductivity exert an important impact on the measurement result (Steiss et al 1992;Bayer et al 1999;Mentzer et al 2005). Many types of active electrodes are used: from mono-or bipolar contact lens electrodes, such as the Burian-Allen, Kooijman ( Figure 5) and Jet ( Figure 6) to gold-foil electrodes and Dawson-Trick-Litzkov fibre electrodes (Burian and Allen 1954;Lawwill and Burian 1966;Arden et al 1979;Dawson et al 1979;Kooijman and Damhof 1980;Kooijman and Damhof 1981;Grounauer 1982;Hebert et al 1996;Komaromy et al 2002;Mentzer et al 2005). Reference and ground electrodes may take the form of a subdermal needle or surface cup electrodes (Komaromy et al 2002;.…”

Section: Factors Affecting Erg Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electroretinography in dogs: a review

Drazek¹,

Lew²,

Lew³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Electroretinography (ERG) in the form of full-field, flash ERG is the most commonly used technique in veterinary ophthalmology for diagnosing the functioning of the outer retina. Under light stimulation spatially distributed different cell types within the retina produce time-varying electric responses. These are recorded in the form of ERG traces consisting of a series of positive and negative wavelets. The possibility of selective stimulation of individual types of retinal cells and the analysis of constituent components of ERGs are the basis for determining the source of abnormalities and diagnosis of various types of dysfunction. In many cases, the ERG allows diagnosis of hereditary retinal disorders in dogs before the appearance of behavioural and ophthalmoscopic symptoms. This review is an introduction to the electrophysiology of vision, intended for small animal practitioners, and aimed at presenting the benefits of ERG for early ophthalmic diagnostics in dogs.Keywords: ERG; ophthalmology; PRA; retina

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A Modification of the Burian-Allen Contact-Lens Electrode for Human Electroretinography⋆

Cited by 28 publications

References 2 publications

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

On the Oscillatory Potentials of the Human Electroretinogram in Light and Dark Adaptation

Electroretinography in dogs: a review

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