A Modification to Gabor's Proposed Diffraction Microscope

Haine, M.E.; Dyson, J.

doi:10.1038/166315a0

Cited by 47 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…Thus the auxiliary hologram, originally proposed by Bragg in the special case of work in a parallel beam, of twice the focal length of the original hologram, serves to correct for the unwanted elements of the image, however it may be reconstructed. In the Haine and Dyson transmission method (Haine and Dyson 1950;Haine and Mulvey 1952) the auxiliary will be defocused by twice the amount of the main hologram and in the same direction (i.e. underfocused if the main is underfocused, etc.…”

Section: Vtfmentioning

confidence: 99%

XVI.—Two Hologram Methods in Diffraction Microscopy

Rogers

1954

Proc. Sect. A, Math. phys. sci.

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SynopsisThe Bragg two-hologram method for eliminating the unwanted image in Diffraction Microscopy is here thoroughly examined. It is shown to be of general validity for objects containing both amplitude and phase-contrast terms.Other two-hologram methods are briefly discussed. In principle any two sufficiently distinct holograms may be used, but the Bragg 2:1 focal ratio is the simplest. The pair of holograms at ±f is also of interest, since it allows moderate degrees of phase-contrast and amplitude-contrast terms in the original object to be separated. A “three-wavelength” technique for obtaining the Bragg records is briefly outlined.

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Section: Vtfmentioning

confidence: 99%

XVI.—Two Hologram Methods in Diffraction Microscopy

Rogers

1954

Proc. Sect. A, Math. phys. sci.

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“…Electron holography was invented in 1947 by Gabor [ 3 , 4 ] as one of the aberration correction methods for objective lenses of electron microscopes. At that time, there were several trials to advance electron interferometry [ 5–8 ]; however, it was difficult to obtain electron beams having sufficient coherence. In 1962 holography was first put to practical use by employing a laser beam by Leith and Upatnieks [ 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interference and interferometry in electron holography

Harada

2020

Microscopy

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This paper reviews the basics of electron holography as an introduction of the holography part of this special issue in Microscopy. We discuss the general principle of holography and interferometry regarding measurements and analyses of phase distributions, first using the optical holography. Next, we discuss physical phenomena peculiar to electron waves that cannot be realized by light waves and principles of electromagnetic field detection and observation methods. Furthermore, we discuss the interference optical systems of the electron waves and their features, and methods of reconstruction of the phase information from electron holograms, which are essential for realization of practical electron holography. We note that following this review application of electron holography will be discussed in detail in the papers of this special issue.

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“…In-line electron holography (see illustration in Fig. 1b)115, which is also referred as focal series reconstruction, also works at much lower degrees of spatial coherence than off-axis electron holography, but requires the use of a computational algorithm to solve a non-linear161718 (or, in some cases, approximated linear1920) set of equations. These equations relate the complex electron wavefunction Ψ ( r ) to image intensities I ( r , Δf ) that are usually recorded at multiple planes of focus, each characterized by its defocus Δf from the reference focus at which the wavefunction is to be recovered.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hybridization approach to in-line and off-axis (electron) holography for superior resolution and phase sensitivity

Ozsoy-Keskinbora

Boothroyd

Dunin-Borkowski

et al. 2014

Sci Rep

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Holography - originally developed for correcting spherical aberration in transmission electron microscopes - is now used in a wide range of disciplines that involve the propagation of waves, including light optics, electron microscopy, acoustics and seismology. In electron microscopy, the two primary modes of holography are Gabor's original in-line setup and an off-axis approach that was developed subsequently. These two techniques are highly complementary, offering superior phase sensitivity at high and low spatial resolution, respectively. All previous investigations have focused on improving each method individually. Here, we show how the two approaches can be combined in a synergetic fashion to provide phase information with excellent sensitivity across all spatial frequencies, low noise and an efficient use of electron dose. The principle is also expected to be widely to applications of holography in light optics, X-ray optics, acoustics, ultra-sound, terahertz imaging, etc.

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A Modification to Gabor's Proposed Diffraction Microscope

Cited by 47 publications

References 1 publication

XVI.—Two Hologram Methods in Diffraction Microscopy

XVI.—Two Hologram Methods in Diffraction Microscopy

Interference and interferometry in electron holography

Hybridization approach to in-line and off-axis (electron) holography for superior resolution and phase sensitivity

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