A Modified Diphenylamine Procedure for Fructose or Inulin Determination

“…Total solute concentration of plasma was determined by the freezing point depression measured with a thermistor.5 Deuterium concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry (2). 5 The apparatus was developed and constructed for us …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mechanism of the Osmotic Adjustment of Body Cells as Determined IN VIVO BY THE VOLUME OF DISTRIBUTION OF A LARGE WATER LOAD1

Leaf¹,

Chatillon²,

Wrong³

et al. 1954

J. Clin. Invest.

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Since permeability of cell membranes to water has been clearly demonstrated, there are several theoretically possible responses of cells to dilution of the extracellular fluid. Osmotic equilibrium might result from net movement of water into cells in response to extracellular dilution. On the other hand, net movement of water into cells might be averted by: 1) active transport of water out of cells preventing a change in intracellular osmotic activity; 2) reduction of intracellular osmotic activity by means of either osmotic inactivation of intracellular solutes or their extrusion from the cells.These possibilities were tested by determining the volume of distribution of a large water load which depends on movement of water through the body. The data are compared with the total body water content measured by the dilution of a tracer amount of deuterium oxide which is independent of net movement of water. In the dog the volume of distribution of a large water load was found to approximate closely the total body water content. A second series of ten experiments was performed on dogs either nephrectomized or with ureters ligated. The operation was done under local procaine infiltration (10 to 20 ml. of 1 per cent solution) in two animals and in the remainder under general anesthesia induced and maintained throughout the experiment by the intravenous administration of 25 to 30 mgm. of sodium pentobarbital per kilogram of body weight. Immediately following operation a blood sample for the natural abundance of deuterium was drawn, and 1 to 2 grams of deuterium oxide per kilogram of body weight were given intravenously. Blood was drawn one and one-half and two hours later for determination of deuterium and as control samples before dilution. Dramamine® and atropine were administered as above. One hundred and thirty-two ml. per kilogram of body weight of a 2.5 per cent solution of fructose and/or glucose were administered intravenously at a rate of 30 ml. per minute. This quantity of water was chosen to increase the degree of dilution and thus to minimize the effects of the errors of measurement on the calculated results. The two final blood samples were obtained between 23 and 3Y2 hours after the infusion was completed. The ureteral ligatures were removed from four dogs, all of which recovered uneventfully. In one of these the experiment was later repeated. B. Analytical methods Plasma sodium and potassium concentrations were measured by flame photometry (1). Total solute concentration of plasma was determined by the freezing point depression measured with a thermistor.5 Deuterium concentrations were measured by mass spectrometry (2). 5 The apparatus was developed and constructed for us

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“…Moreover, most of the methods (except the enzymatic ones) are prone to interferences with glucose measurement which is a limiting factor when measuring GFR in diabetic patients (Little, 1949). Regarding the methods for measuring inulin, we can cite the "acid" methods (Kuehnle et al, 1992;Shaffer & Somogoyi, 1933;Alving et al, 1939;Corcoran, 1952;Rolf et al, 1949;Roe, 1934;Steinitz, 1938;Hubbard & Loomis, 1942;Lentjes et al, 1994;Heyrovsky, 1956;Rolf et al, 1949), the enzymatic methods (Day & Workman, 1984;Delanghe et al, 1991;Jung et al, 1990;Summerfield et al, 1993;Dubourg et al, 2010) and the new methods by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Ruo et al, 1991;Baccard et al, 1999;Dall'Amico et al, 1995;Pastore et al, 2001). Describing these methods in detail are beyond the scope of this chapter and we propose the readers the following reference if they are interested in this topic (Delanaye et al, 2011b).…”

Section: Inulinmentioning

confidence: 99%